{"id":1058,"date":"2018-06-04T12:26:25","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T12:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=1058"},"modified":"2018-06-07T14:43:35","modified_gmt":"2018-06-07T14:43:35","slug":"1058-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1058-2","title":{"rendered":"Mercury&#8217;s neurotoxicity and disruption of selenium biochemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><figure id=\"attachment_1067\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1067\" style=\"width: 281px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1067 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Brain-281x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Brain-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Brain.png 599w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1067\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage in the absence of adequate antioxidant selenoprotein protection for a variety of reasons: the brain has limited antioxidant enzyme pathways, the brain has high iron content, and the brain contains many long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are vulnerable to lipid oxidation. Oxidative damage to the brain results in structural and functional damage to brain cells and tissues. A selenium yeast supplement has proven effective at reducing the levels of bio-markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA. An exclusively selenomethionine supplement was not effective [Richie 2014].<br \/><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><strong>Selenium containing antioxidant selenoproteins play an important role in the prevention and reversal of oxidative damage in the brain.\u00a0 This role has generally been underestimated in studies of the toxicity of elemental mercury and methylmercury.\u00a0 The common understanding has been that selenium helps to prevent mercury toxicity by binding with mercury and rendering the mercury inactive.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>This chemical binding and inactivation of mercury does take place.\u00a0 Mercury has a great affinity for selenium, estimated to be approximately one million times stronger than mercury\u2019s affinity for sulfur.\u00a0 So, selenium\u2019s binding with mercury in the tissues does keep the mercury from getting into mischief in the brain and spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and endocrine system.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Mercury and selenium: understood the other way around<\/h3>\n<p>However, the real mischief that mercury gets up to is that it inhibits the body\u2019s ability to make the antioxidant selenoproteins that are needed to protect against oxidative damage in the brain and neuroendocrine tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Mercury does this by binding up the selenium in selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, that would otherwise be available for the formation of selenoproteins.\u00a0 In effect, mercury holds selenium prisoner and keeps it from its antioxidant functions.<\/p>\n<p>The brain is especially susceptible to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4125492\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oxidative damage<\/a> caused by reactive oxygen species (free radicals) because the brain uses approximately 20% of the oxygen consumed by the body to establish and maintain its millions of neuronal connections.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In using oxygen, the brain deliberately creates free radicals to transmit redox signals.*<\/li>\n<li>When all goes well, the redox signaling regulates critical functions in the brain and nervous system.<\/li>\n<li>Whenever there is an overproduction of free radicals, however, and an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, then the brain cells and tissues suffer oxidative damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>* Please note: It is a common misconception that reactive oxygen species act only as harmful free radicals causing oxidative damage. The central role of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling needs to be recognized.\u00a0 It is the imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants that causes oxidative damage.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Professor Nicholas Ralston and Dr. Laura J. Raymond explain in a recent review article that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29753115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the toxic effect on the brain<\/a> and nervous system comes primarily from mercury&#8217;s inhibition of selenium metabolism.\u00a0 Selenium metabolism is inhibited because the mercury binds with and sequesters the selenium and depletes the body\u2019s stores of selenium for the formation of selenoproteins.\u00a0 The toxic effect on the brain comes about, then, because there is inadequate antioxidant protection [Ralston &amp; Raymond, 2018].<\/p>\n<h3>The brain especially vulnerable to oxidative damage<\/h3>\n<p>The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage in the absence of adequate antioxidant selenoprotein protection for a variety of reasons [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The brain has limited antioxidant enzyme pathways, which are abundantly available in other tissues.<\/li>\n<li>The brain has high iron content, which could potentiate oxidative damage.<\/li>\n<li>The brain has an abundance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are vulnerable to lipid oxidation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mercury\u2019s disruption of selenium biochemistry<\/h3>\n<p>The title of Professor Ralston and Dr. Raymond\u2019s 2018 journal article is revealing: <strong><em>Mercury\u2019s neurotoxicity is characterized by its disruption of selenium biochemistry.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Their thesis is that it is the<strong><em> loss of cellular redox control <\/em><\/strong>that causes much of the mercury-related damage to the brain and neuroendocrine system.\u00a0 Under normal conditions, the production and removal of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species maintains the proper functioning of the <em><strong>cellular redox signaling proteins<\/strong>. \u00a0<\/em>That proper functioning is necessary for cell survival.\u00a0 An imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants results in oxidative stress and oxidative damage [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<p>Lack of adequate selenium status to produce selenium containing antioxidant selenoproteins is a cause of the loss of cellular redox control.\u00a0 Loss of cellular redox control results in oxidative stress and damage to brain cells and tissues.<\/p>\n<h3>Selenium: the biochemical target of mercury<\/h3>\n<p>Dr. Ralston and Dr. Raymond believe that selenium itself is <em><strong>the biochemical target<\/strong><\/em> of the toxic methylmercury molecules.\u00a0 Once methylmercury enters the body, it is channeled into metabolic pathways where it disrupts or interrupts normal necessary selenium metabolism.<\/p>\n<h3>The &#8220;protective effect&#8221; of selenium<\/h3>\n<p>In other words, it is convenient but imprecise and misleading to talk solely about a \u201cprotective\u201d effect of selenium in the context of mercury toxicity.\u00a0\u00a0 That explanation does not go far enough.<\/p>\n<p>It is not just that selenium is counteracting and protecting against mercury toxicity <em>per se<\/em>.\u00a0 Rather, it is the case that the damage to the brain and nervous system that is associated with mercury toxicity is typical of the oxidative damage that results from a depletion of antioxidant selenoenzymes.<\/p>\n<p>Professor Ralston and Dr. Raymond say that the damage from selenium deficiency \u2013 the oxidative damage \u2013 results in most of the characteristics that we associate with mercury toxicity.\u00a0 Thus, mercury&#8217;s harmful effects seem to arise primarily from the inhibition of selenium metabolism.\u00a0 If there is sufficient selenium available to support the selenoenzyme activities in the brain, then the harmful effects of toxic doses of mercury will not develop [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There can be a prolonged delay between the ingestion of a harmful dose of mercury and the onset of symptoms.\u00a0 The severity of the brain damage caused by mercury exposure is directly associated with the dose, but the latency period is not.<\/li>\n<li>The latency period varies according to the selenium status of the victim of mercury exposure.<\/li>\n<li>Mercury exposures in the absence of adequate selenium status follow a similar sequence of symptoms:\n<ul>\n<li>tingling sensation in the lips and extremities<\/li>\n<li>loss of motor coordination<\/li>\n<li>difficulty pronouncing words<\/li>\n<li>vision constriction<\/li>\n<li>deafness<\/li>\n<li>death in the case of lethal dosages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Importance of successful selenium metabolism<\/h3>\n<p>Successful selenium metabolism is important because elemental selenium, incorporated into the amino acid selenocysteine, is a key component of the 25 known selenoproteins found in humans.\u00a0 Many of these selenoproteins are selenoenzymes that are need to prevent and reverse oxidative damage in the brain and neuroendocrine system.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the glutathione peroxidases (especially GPx 1, 2, 4, and 6)<\/li>\n<li>The thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD 1-3)<\/li>\n<li>the selenoproteins M, N, and W<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The formation of these selenoenzymes is especially vulnerable to irreversible disruption and inhibition by methylmercury.\u00a0 The disruption and interruption of the selenoenzymes\u2019 antioxidant activity is what appears to cause many of the pathological effects of mercury toxicity [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<p>The importance of the antioxidant selenoenzymes is seen in the body\u2019s preferential delivery and preservation of these selenoproteins to the brain and neuroendocrine tissues in times of inadequate selenium status [Ralston &amp; Raymond].<\/p>\n<h3>Exposure to mercury and the blood-brain barrier<\/h3>\n<p>Low-level exposure to mercury and methylmercury is common and generally without adverse effects.\u00a0 High levels of exposure, however, are neurotoxic because mercury and methylmercury readily cross the blood-brain barrier, and, in the brain and the nervous system, they preferentially bind with selenium, robbing these organs of the needed selenium [Ralston &amp; Raymond, 2018].<\/p>\n<h3>Exposure to mercury and the placental blood barrier<\/h3>\n<p>The placental barrier is very weak at blocking the passage of toxic chemicals.\u00a0 It does not block the passage of methylmercury compounds from mother to fetus.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the fetus generally lacks a reserve of tissue selenium.\u00a0 If there is a loss of maternal selenium supply to the fetus because the mother\u2019s selenium is increasingly bound up with toxic mercury, then there will be impaired selenium metabolism in the fetal brain with dire consequences for fetal brain development [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<p>The review of available research indicates that pregnant women who eat &#8220;safe&#8221; ocean fish containing selenium in molar excess of mercury give birth to children with improved neurological development.\u00a0 Pregnant women who avoid eating \u201csafe\u201d ocean fish during pregnancy may give birth to children at significant risk for health and development problems [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<h3>Dietary sources of selenium<\/h3>\n<p>Professor Ralston and Dr. Raymond say that ocean and freshwater fish are the dominant source of dietary exposures to methylmercury.<\/p>\n<p>However, studies show that many ocean fish have molar ratios of selenium and mercury in favor of selenium and thus may be considered \u201csafe\u201d to eat.\u00a0 The ocean fish with unfavorable selenium-mercury molar ratios should be avoided [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Predatory whales<\/li>\n<li>Sharks<\/li>\n<li>Swordfish<\/li>\n<li>Halibut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With respect to fresh-water fish and farm fish, the selenium-mercury molar ratios may vary according to the regional content of selenium in the soil.\u00a0 It is best to check for local reports of selenium-mercury molar ratios and to check the http:\/\/www.seafoodwatch.org\/ <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seafoodwatch.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Conclusions about mercury and selenium biochemistry<\/h3>\n<p>Selenium and selenoproteins are important to good brain and neuroendocrine system health.\u00a0 During periods of extended selenium deficiency, the selenium content of such organs as the liver, the muscle, and the blood will decline so that the brain and endocrine tissues can remain supplied [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<p>High concentrations of mercury in the brain and endocrine tissues appear to be without toxicity consequences as long as there remains some selenium free from binding with mercury so that the synthesis of the vital antioxidant selenoenzymes can take place [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<p>The importance of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15084104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">selenium supplementation<\/a> in regions in which dietary intakes of selenium are inadequate can be seen in recent studies that have shown that selenium-enriched diets not only prevent methylmercury toxicity but can also reverse some of the most severe symptoms associated with mercury poisoning [Ralston &amp; Raymond 2018].<\/p>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Ralston, N. V. C. &amp; Raymond, L. J.\u00a0 (2018).\u00a0 Mercury\u2019s neurotoxicity is characterized by its disruption of selenium biochemistry.\u00a0 Biochim Biophys Acta, pii: S0304-4165(18)30141-7. doi: 10.1016\/j.bbagen.2018.05.009. [Epub ahead of print]<\/p>\n<p>Richie, J. J., Das, A., Calcagnotto, A. M., Sinha, R., Neidig, W., Liao, J., &amp; &#8230; El-Bayoumy, K. (2014). Comparative effects of two different forms of selenium on oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 7(8), 796-804. doi:10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0042<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Selenium containing antioxidant selenoproteins play an important role in the prevention and reversal of oxidative damage in the brain.\u00a0 This role has generally been underestimated in studies of the toxicity of elemental mercury and methylmercury.\u00a0 The common understanding has been that selenium helps to prevent mercury toxicity by binding with mercury and rendering the mercury &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1058-2\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Mercury&#8217;s neurotoxicity and disruption of selenium biochemistry&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mercury"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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