{"id":1138,"date":"2018-10-01T06:11:15","date_gmt":"2018-10-01T06:11:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=1138"},"modified":"2018-10-03T09:21:56","modified_gmt":"2018-10-03T09:21:56","slug":"1138-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1138-2","title":{"rendered":"Low serum selenium levels and increased cardiovascular mortality"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1151\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1151\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1151 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Heart-attack-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Heart-attack-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Heart-attack.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>A recent study has found a relatively high mortality risk in elderly Swedish subjects with low selenium status. Supplementation with a high-selenium yeast supplement and a Coenzyme Q10 supplement for four years resulted in significantly reduced risk of death from heart disease, better maintained heart function, and better quality of life for senior citizens. The beneficial effect of the supplementation has persisted through the 12th year of follow-up.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Low plasma\/serum selenium concentrations are associated with increased risk of death from heart disease and increased risk of death from all causes.\u00a0 Professor Urban Alehagen and a team of researchers at Link\u00f6ping University in Sweden have investigated the relationship between low selenium levels and the risk of heart disease.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Selenium supplements suggested for adults with very low Se levels<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26105108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Swedish study<\/a> shows that adults with a serum selenium concentration below 57 micrograms per liter are at significantly higher risk of death from all causes (43% increased risk) and death from heart disease (56% increased risk) [Alehagen 2016].<br \/>\n57 micrograms of selenium per liter of serum.\u00a0 Wow!\u00a0 That\u2019s low.<\/p>\n<p>These significant associations remained solid even after the researchers had adjusted for the effects of possibly modifying factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>male gender<\/li>\n<li>smoking<\/li>\n<li>ischemic heart disease<\/li>\n<li>diabetes<\/li>\n<li>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease<\/li>\n<li>impaired heart function [Alehagen 2016]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Professor Alehagen suggests that adults with serum selenium levels below 57 micrograms per liter be recommended to take a selenium supplement.<\/p>\n<h3>No differences found in cancer mortality rates<\/h3>\n<p>Interestingly, the Swedish study did not show a significant difference in cancer mortality rates across the four quartiles of study participants.\u00a0 However, please note that the average serum selenium concentration in all four quartiles compared in the study was quite low:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quartile 1: &lt; 57.2 mcg\/L<\/li>\n<li>Quartile 2: 57.2 \u2013 67.1 mcg\/L<\/li>\n<li>Quartile 3: 67.1 \u2013 76.1 mcg\/L<\/li>\n<li>Quartile 4: &gt; 76.1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Remember<\/em>: The best estimate we have for a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22648711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protective effect of selenium<\/a> against prostate cancer is a plasma selenium concentration ranging from <strong><em>120 to 170 micrograms per liter<\/em><\/strong> [Hurst 2012].<\/p>\n<p>It could be that the cancer mortality rates in all four quartiles in the Swedish study do not differ significantly one from another but are all high in comparison to cohorts that maintain serum selenium levels above 120 micrograms per liter.<\/p>\n<h3>Why the need for selenium supplementation?<\/h3>\n<p>Professor Alehagen explains that the selenium content in the soil and, thus, in foodstuffs around the world varies considerably from region to region.\u00a0 Food habits also vary, meaning that people get more or less selenium in their diets, depending upon where they live.<\/p>\n<p>Selenium is essential for a variety of cellular functions.\u00a0 The trace element selenium is seldom found as a single element in the body.\u00a0 It fulfills its essential biological functions as a component of the amino acid selenocysteine.<\/p>\n<p>Selenocysteine is, then, itself a necessary component of 25 known selenoproteins.\u00a0 Many of these selenoproteins, notably the glutathione peroxidases and the thioredoxin reductases, protect our cells and tissues against the harmful effects of oxidative stress [Alehagen 2016].<\/p>\n<p>Given the regional variations in the uptake of selenium and the importance of adequate serum selenium concentrations for a longer life and a better quality of life, it seems advisable to have one\u2019s serum selenium concentration tested to see how one compares with the Swedish study participants.<\/p>\n<h3>How much selenium supplementation?<\/h3>\n<p>Professor Fairweather-Tait and colleagues in the United Kingdom have reported the results of a supplementation study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20181815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">middle-aged healthy British men and women<\/a> (50 \u2013 64 years of age).\u00a0 The study participants\u2019 average baseline plasma selenium concentration was just above 95 micrograms per liter [Hurst 2010].<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supplementation with <strong><em>a daily 50-microgram high-selenium yeast tablet<\/em><\/strong> for 10 weeks raised the study participants\u2019 plasma selenium concentrations to an average of <strong><strong><em>118.3 micrograms per liter.<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Supplementation with <strong><em>a daily 100-microgram high-selenium yeast tablet<\/em><\/strong> for 10 weeks raised the study participants\u2019 plasma selenium concentrations to an average of <em><strong>152 micrograms per liter.<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Summary of Swedish study of serum selenium levels and mortality<\/h3>\n<p>Professor Alehagen\u2019s Swedish study found significantly increased risk of death from heart disease and from all causes in study participants with serum selenium levels below 57.2 micrograms per liter.\u00a0 Other studies have shown similar associations between low serum selenium levels and increased mortality:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Danish study: A study of more than 3000 males with serum selenium concentrations below 60 micrograms per liter showed an associated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1418100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased risk of heart attack<\/a> [Suadicani 1992].<\/li>\n<li>Finnish studies: Studies from the 1970s, the period before Finland began fertilizing the soil with selenium, showed an association between low serum selenium levels and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6123886\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> increased risk of death from heart disease<\/a> [Salonen 1982].<\/li>\n<li>French study:\u00a0 A French study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16123147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">elderly French study participants<\/a> reported an association between low plasma selenium concentrations and increased mortality rates [Akbaraly 2005].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Protective effects of selenium supplementation<\/h3>\n<p>Selenium in sufficient concentrations has important antioxidant and immune system functions.\u00a0 It is probable that the protective effect of adequate plasma\/serum concentrations of selenium is related to the effect of selenoproteins:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing oxidative stress<\/li>\n<li>Reducing inflammation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Akbaraly, N.T., Arnaud, J., Hininger-Favier, I., Gourlet, V., Roussel, A.M. &amp; Berr, C.\u00a0 92005). Selenium<br \/>\nand mortality in the elderly: results from the EVA study. Clin Chem, 51:2117\u20132123.<\/p>\n<p>Alehagen, U., Johansson, P., Bj\u00f6rnstedt, M., Ros\u00e9n, A., Post, C., &amp; Aaseth, J. (2016). Relatively high mortality risk in elderly Swedish subjects with low selenium status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(1), 91-96. doi:10.1038\/ejcn.2015.92<\/p>\n<p>Hurst, R., Hooper, L., Norat, T., Lau, R., Aune, D., Greenwood, D. C., &amp; Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (2012). Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(1), 111-122.<\/p>\n<p>Hurst, R., Armah, C. N., Dainty, J. R., Hart, D. J., Teucher, B., Goldson, A. J., &amp; Fairweather-Tait, S. J. (2010). Establishing optimal selenium status: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(4), 923-931.<\/p>\n<p>Salonen, J.T., Alfthan, G., Huttunen, J.K., Pikkarainen, J. &amp; Puska, P. (1982). Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched-pair longitudinal study. Lancet, 2: 175\u2013179.<\/p>\n<p>Suadicani, P., Hein, H.O. &amp; Gyntelberg, F. (1992). Serum selenium concentration and risk of ischaemic heart disease in a prospective cohort study of 3000 males. Atherosclerosis, 96: 33\u201342.<\/p>\n<p>Disclaimer: The information provided in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Low plasma\/serum selenium concentrations are associated with increased risk of death from heart disease and increased risk of death from all causes.\u00a0 Professor Urban Alehagen and a team of researchers at Link\u00f6ping University in Sweden have investigated the relationship between low selenium levels and the risk of heart disease. Selenium supplements suggested for adults with &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1138-2\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Low serum selenium levels and increased cardiovascular mortality&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-disease"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Low serum selenium levels and increased cardiovascular mortality - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1138-2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Low serum selenium levels and increased cardiovascular mortality - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Low plasma\/serum selenium concentrations are associated with increased risk of death from heart disease and increased risk of death from all causes.\u00a0 Professor Urban Alehagen and a team of researchers at Link\u00f6ping University in Sweden have investigated the relationship between low selenium levels and the risk of heart disease. 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