{"id":1185,"date":"2018-11-22T08:08:09","date_gmt":"2018-11-22T08:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=1185"},"modified":"2018-11-22T08:32:19","modified_gmt":"2018-11-22T08:32:19","slug":"1185-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1185-2","title":{"rendered":"Circulatory selenium concentrations and Alzheimer\u2019s disease"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1190\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1190\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1190 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Alzheimers-300x96.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"96\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Alzheimers-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Alzheimers.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Brain tissue produces many free radicals (reactive oxygen species). The oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between potentially harmful free radicals and antioxidants to neutralize them is associated with ageing and with the onset of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Reduced levels of the selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase correlate strongly with cognitive decline and the risk of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Blood selenium concentrations are significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease compared to healthy controls.\u00a0 This reduction in selenium concentration is directly associated with the observed reduced levels of the important antioxidant selenoprotein, <em>glutathione peroxidase<\/em>, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>These are the conclusions of the authors of a 2017 meta-analysis of 12 case-control studies of selenium concentrations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and healthy controls.\u00a0 The 12 case-control studies comprised 594 Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and 472 healthy controls [Reddy].<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Selenium and Alzheimer\u2019s disease meta-analysis<\/h3>\n<p>The results of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28595794\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the systematic review and meta-analysis<\/a> revealed the following associations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Significantly decreased selenium levels were seen in the blood circulation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients as compared to healthy controls.<\/li>\n<li>Decreased selenium levels were also seen in the red blood cells and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer\u2019s patients as compared to healthy controls.\u00a0 However, the difference in selenium concentrations did not reach the level of statistical significance.<\/li>\n<li>Age matching between the Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and healthy controls showed decreased selenium levels regardless of the age of the patients.\u00a0 This is interesting because advanced age is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/li>\n<li>Controlling for socio-economic, geographical, and environmental differences also showed the decreased selenium levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients compared to the healthy controls.<\/li>\n<li>A direct association was seen between decreased selenium levels and <em>glutathione peroxidase<\/em> levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What is glutathione peroxidase, and why is it important?<\/h3>\n<p>The <em>glutathione peroxidases<\/em> (abbreviated GPx) are a family of antioxidant enzymes (selenoproteins) that reduce and thus neutralize potentially harmful radicals like hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides.\u00a0 In so doing, the GPx enzymes lessen the extent of oxidative stress damage.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26662217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oxidative stress damage<\/a> is defined as the damage to cells and tissues caused by an imbalance between the activity of harmful reactive oxygen species and the neutralizing activity of antioxidants in the body. Oxidative stress damage has been identified as one of the first events preceding the manifestation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease [Reddy].<\/p>\n<p>Given its role as a component in the antioxidant GPx enzymes, selenium in adequate concentrations is necessary for the antioxidant defense of cells and tissues.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>The meta-analysis showed significant reductions in selenium levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and significantly associated reduced levels of GPx levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients [Reddy].<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The reduced GPx levels can be interpreted as evidence for the important role of the antioxidant role of GPx and as evidence of the role of oxidative stress damage in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/p>\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Selenium and the selenium-dependent seleno-enzymes may act as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15210302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">modulators of brain function<\/a> if there is an adequate supply of selenium [Schweizer].<\/li>\n<li>Oxidative stress is a pathological mechanism that quite possibly plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease [Schwetzer].<\/li>\n<li>The selenium-dependent <em>glutathione peroxidases<\/em> and thioredoxin reductases are involved in antioxidant defense and in intra-cellular redox regulation and modulation [Schwetzer].<\/li>\n<li>Depleted selenium levels are associated with diminished antioxidant seleno-enzyme activity [Schweizer].<\/li>\n<li>Decreased cellular GPx activity increases sensitivity towards neurotoxins and brain damage. Increased GPx activity resulting from increased selenium supply ameliorates the brain and nervous system damage [Schweizer].<\/li>\n<li>The role of selenium concentrations and GPx activity in the <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/selenium-alzheimers-disease-cognitive-decline\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prevention or delay of the onset of neurodegenerative diseases<\/a> warrants more extensive investigation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sources<\/p>\n<p>Reddy, V. S., Bukkeb, S., Duttc, N., Ranad, P. &amp; Pandeye, A. K. (2017).<br \/>\nA systematic review and meta-analysis of the circulatory, erythrocellular<br \/>\nand CSF selenium levels in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 42, 68\u201375.<\/p>\n<p>Schweizer, u., Brauner, A. U., Kohrle, J. &amp; Nitsch, R. (2004). Selenium and brain function. Brain Res Rev, 45, 3, 164-178.<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed or used as such.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blood selenium concentrations are significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease compared to healthy controls.\u00a0 This reduction in selenium concentration is directly associated with the observed reduced levels of the important antioxidant selenoprotein, glutathione peroxidase, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. These are the conclusions of the authors of a 2017 meta-analysis of 12 case-control studies of &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1185-2\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Circulatory selenium concentrations and Alzheimer\u2019s disease&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alzheimers-disease"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Circulatory selenium concentrations and Alzheimer\u2019s disease - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/1185-2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Circulatory selenium concentrations and Alzheimer\u2019s disease - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Blood selenium concentrations are significantly lower in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease compared to healthy controls.\u00a0 This reduction in selenium concentration is directly associated with the observed reduced levels of the important antioxidant selenoprotein, glutathione peroxidase, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. 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