{"id":1292,"date":"2019-05-22T12:43:29","date_gmt":"2019-05-22T12:43:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=1292"},"modified":"2019-05-22T11:00:11","modified_gmt":"2019-05-22T11:00:11","slug":"selenium-brain-function","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-brain-function","title":{"rendered":"Selenium and Brain Function"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><figure id=\"attachment_1296\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1296\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1296 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Brain-cell-300x178.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Brain-cell-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Brain-cell.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Brain cells are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress, which could be a factor in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. The danger of oxidative damage caused by free radicals (oxygen reactive species) is great because 1)\u00a0 the neurons use large quantities of oxygen, 2) the brain has high iron content, 3) neuronal mitochondria produce large quantities of hydrogen peroxide, and 4) neuronal membranes are full of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are susceptible to oxidative stress [Shichiri, 2014]. Adequate supply of selenium and synthesis of antioxidant selenoproteins are necessary to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><strong>A review of the research literature on selenium and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24668686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">selenoprotein function in brain disorders<\/a> reveals that selenium deficiency is associated with impaired cognitive function and impaired motor function [Pillai].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>It is interesting to note that selenium concentrations are preferentially maintained in the brain even when the selenium concentrations in the blood circulation, in the liver, and in the skeletal tissues are depleted [Pillai].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Selenium supplementation may help to reduce the progression of the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer&#8217;s, Huntington&#8217;s, and Parkinson&#8217;s [Pillai].<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Selenium and Selenoproteins<\/h3>\n<p>What do we know about the trace element selenium and its incorporation into selenoproteins?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Selenium content in food varies considerably from region to region.\u00a0 Selenium content in food depends upon regional soil selenium content [Pillai].<\/li>\n<li>Selenium intakes from food tend to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25734564\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">much lower in Europe and the Middle East <\/a>than in much of the United States [Stoffaneller &amp; Morse]<\/li>\n<li>Selenium intakes in the US tend to vary according to the selenium content of the soil.<\/li>\n<li>Abnormally low levels of selenium in the body can lead to neurological problems, cardiovascular problems, cancer, and reduced immune system function [Pillai].<\/li>\n<li>Dietary intake of selenium is converted to selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid [Pillai].<\/li>\n<li>Selenocysteine is an essential component of some 25 known selenoproteins. There are three well-studied sub-families of selenoproteins: the glutathione peroxidases, the thioredoxin reductases, and the iodothyronine deiodinases [Pillai].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK216733\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">North America<\/a>, the following regions are characterized by low-selenium soils and thus low selenium content in plant and animal foodstuffs [National Research Council]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the Pacific Northwest region of the USA<\/li>\n<li>the South Atlantic seaboard region of the USA<\/li>\n<li>the northeastern United States<\/li>\n<li>Arizona and New Mexico<\/li>\n<li>the Atlantic provinces of Canada<\/li>\n<li>the interior of British Columbia<\/li>\n<li>west-central Alberta<\/li>\n<li>northern Ontario<\/li>\n<li>the eastern townships and lower St. Lawrence regions of Quebec<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Selenoproteins and Brain Function<\/h3>\n<h4>The Glutathione Peroxidases (abbreviated GPx)<\/h4>\n<p>GPx1 and GPx4 are the most common forms of glutathione peroxidase in the brain.\u00a0 GPx1 acts an antioxidant scavenger of harmful free radicals in both neurons and astrocytes.\u00a0 GPx4 functions as an antioxidant protector in the cytosol, the mitochondria, and the nucleus of neurons [Pillai].<\/p>\n<p>Studies show that the GPx selenoproteins have potential roles in the prevention and\/or treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s, Huntington\u2019s, and Parkinson\u2019s diseases as well as in cases of epilepsy.<\/p>\n<h4>The Thioredoxin Reductases (abbreviated TrxR)<\/h4>\n<p>It is the TrxR1 and TrxR2 selenoproteins that are most involved in brain function.\u00a0 These selenoproteins act as antioxidants and reduce the extent of oxidative stress in the brain. They are thought to have a protective role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in epilepsy [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h4>The Iodothyronine Deiodinases (abbreviated DIO)<\/h4>\n<p>The role of the selenoprotein sub-family called the iodothyronine deiodinases in neurodegenerative diseases is not yet clearly understood.\u00a0 What is known is that DIOs are important to the activation and deactivation of the thyroid hormones [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h4>The Selenoprotein P (abbreviated Sepp1 or SelP)<\/h4>\n<p>Sepp1 is the selenoprotein that contains the most selenium in the blood plasma.\u00a0 When selenium levels fall, the levels of Sepp1 fall correspondingly.\u00a0 Consequently, Sepp1 is often used as a marker for the level of selenium in the body.<\/p>\n<p>Sepp1 acts as a transporter of selenium in the body. It transports selenium from the liver to the brain and to other tissues. As such, it is important for the distribution and homeostasis of selenium [Pillai].<\/p>\n<p><em>Remember<\/em>: even in times of selenium deficiency, selenium is maintained preferentially in the brain [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h4>The Selenoprotein W (abbreviated SelW)<\/h4>\n<p>Animal studies have shown that SelW protects the glial cells (the non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system) against oxidative stress caused by heavy metals [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h3>Selenium and Selenoproteins and Neurodegenerative Diseases<\/h3>\n<h4>Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<\/h4>\n<p>Studies have shown decreased levels of selenium in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Studies have indicated that adequate levels of selenium may prevent or reduce the pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h4>Huntington\u2019s Disease<\/h4>\n<p>Studies have shown that an increase in oxidative stress is countered by an increase in GPx activity in the brain in Huntington\u2019s disease. An animal study shows that selenium supplementation reduces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the brain [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h4>Parkinson\u2019s Disease<\/h4>\n<p>Plasma selenium levels decrease in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.\u00a0 This decrease may be caused by greater selenium utilization for the production of selenoproteins in the brain for the purpose of preventing further oxidative damage [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h3>Selenium-Enriched Yeast Formulation Best<\/h3>\n<p>Animal studies of the effect of different selenium compounds such as synthetic L-selenomethionine, inorganic sodium selenite, and organic high-selenium yeast (also called selenium-enriched yeast) on the development of metastatic brain lesions have shown that the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23659448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> selenium-enriched yeast formulation<\/a> resulted in a higher survival rate and in decreased tumor growth as compared to controls [Wrobel].<\/p>\n<p>A study of the comparative effects of two forms of selenium supplement \u2013 selenomethionine supplements and high-selenium yeast supplements \u2013 has shown reductions in biomarkers of oxidative stress following supplementation with the organic high-selenium yeast but not with the selenomethionine supplementation in healthy men. The study findings suggest that selenium species other than selenomethionine in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24938534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the high-selenium yeast <\/a>account for the decrease in oxidative stress [Richie].<\/p>\n<h3>Conclusion: Selenium and Selenoproteins Can Reduce the Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases<\/h3>\n<p>Selenium and selenoproteins may reduce the progression of the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24668686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> pathology of some neurodegenerative diseases:<\/a> Alzheimer\u2019s, Huntington\u2019s, and Parkinson\u2019s. One mechanism of action is the selenoproteins\u2019 antioxidant protection against oxidative stress in the brain.\u00a0 Other possible mechanisms of action need further investigation [Pillai].<\/p>\n<p>In addition, more research into the effect of specific species of selenium and into the effect of specific dosages is needed.\u00a0 For example, the selenium species selenomethylselenocysteine that is found in high-selenium yeast formulations may be especially suitable for the promotion of selenoprotein synthesis [Pillai].<\/p>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>National Research Council. (1983). Selenium in Nutrition. Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.<\/p>\n<p>Pillai, R., Uyehara-Lock, J. H.\u00a0 Bellinger, F. P. (2014). Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 66(4): 229-239.<\/p>\n<p>Richie, J. P., Arun, D., Calcagnotto, A. M., Sinha, R., Neidig, W. &amp; El-Bayoumy, K. (2014). Comparative effects of two different forms of selenium on oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 7(8): 796\u2013804.<\/p>\n<p>Shichiri, M. (2014). The role of lipid peroxidation in neurological disorders. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 54(3): 151\u2013160.<\/p>\n<p>Stoffaneller, R., &amp; Morse, N. L. (2015). A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients, 7(3), 1494\u20131537.<\/p>\n<p>Wrobel, J.K., Seelbach, M.J., Chen, L., Power, R.F. &amp; Toborek, M. (2013). Supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast attenuates brain metastatic growth. Nutr Cancer. 65(4):563\u2013570.<\/p>\n<p>The information contained in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A review of the research literature on selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders reveals that selenium deficiency is associated with impaired cognitive function and impaired motor function [Pillai]. It is interesting to note that selenium concentrations are preferentially maintained in the brain even when the selenium concentrations in the blood circulation, in the liver, &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-brain-function\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium and Brain Function&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alzheimers-disease"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selenium and Brain Function - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-brain-function\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Selenium and Brain Function - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A review of the research literature on selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders reveals that selenium deficiency is associated with impaired cognitive function and impaired motor function [Pillai]. 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