{"id":1918,"date":"2020-08-15T08:44:21","date_gmt":"2020-08-15T08:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=1918"},"modified":"2021-04-27T14:00:07","modified_gmt":"2021-04-27T14:00:07","slug":"selenium-to-raise-anti-viral-resistance-against-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-to-raise-anti-viral-resistance-against-covid-19","title":{"rendered":"Selenium to Raise Anti-Viral Resistance Against COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1921\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1921\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921 size-medium\" title=\"Selenium, zinc, and vitamin D reduce systemic inflammation.\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/COVID-19-virus-300x210.png\" alt=\"COVID-19 Virus Infection\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/COVID-19-virus-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/COVID-19-virus.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1921\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>COVID-19 virus infections are accompanied by excessive activation of the innate immune system, by progressive inflammation, and by cytokine storms. A review of the medical journal literature shows that an adequate supply of the micronutrients selenium, zinc, and vitamin D is necessary to strengthen immune function and to reduce inflammation.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Adequate intakes of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D are essential to ensure resistance to viral infections, to promote strong immune function, and to reduce levels of inflammation. A team of Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian researchers recommends the initiation of adequate supplementation with these micronutrients in high-risk areas and in cases of suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 [Alexander 2020].<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Selenium Supplementation to Protect Against the Hyper-Inflammation Associated with COVID-19<\/h4>\n<p>The team of researchers concluded from its review of the available medical literature that an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2358\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>adequate selenium intake\/status can protect against the hyper-inflammation associated with corona viral infections<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Consequently, <strong><em>individuals at high risk who have a selenium status below 100 micrograms per liter should consider daily supplementation at a dose of 100\u2013200 micrograms of selenium per day<\/em><\/strong> [Alexander 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Individuals at high risk have the following characteristics:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Are elderly<\/li>\n<li>Have a medical condition such as diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease<\/li>\n<li>Have a lifestyle that involves smoking, alcohol use, and little exercise<\/li>\n<li>Have elevated pre-infection levels of C-reactive protein, a bio-marker for systemic inflammation<\/li>\n<li>live or work in a region with high infection rates<\/li>\n<li>have low plasma\/serum concentrations of selenium, vitamin D, and zinc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Bio-Synthesis of Vital Selenoproteins<\/h4>\n<p>By taking 100-200 micrograms of a <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24938534\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><strong>high-selenium yeast supplement<\/strong><\/em><\/a> daily, these individuals may achieve a relatively rapid bio-synthesis of the vital selenoproteins that represent an adjuvant approach to the prevention of aggressive COVID-19 infections:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the glutathione peroxidases<\/li>\n<li>the thioredoxin reductases<\/li>\n<li>the selenoproteins P, K, and S<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Safe Upper Limit for Selenium Intakes from Food and Supplements<\/h4>\n<p>The researchers recommend that the long-term combined intake of selenium from food and supplements should not exceed 300 micrograms of selenium per day because higher intakes may be associated with toxicity.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_790\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-790\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-790 size-medium\" title=\"Professor Alehagen has shown that selenium and Coenzyme Q10 reduce inflammation.\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Urban_A-2017-conference-in-Hungary-300x203.png\" alt=\"Professor Urban Alehagen\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Urban_A-2017-conference-in-Hungary-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Urban_A-2017-conference-in-Hungary.png 631w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-790\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Professor Urban Alehagen is the lead researcher in the KiSel-10 study of the effect of combined selenium and Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiovascular mortality. Professor Alehagen has also been a member of a research team investigating nutritional interventions with selenium, zinc, and Vitamin D for raising anti-viral resistance against COVID-19.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Selenium Supplementation in Combination with Coenzyme Q10<\/h4>\n<p>In the Swedish randomized placebo-controlled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.q10facts.com\/index.php\/the-kisel-10-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>KiSel-10 study, healthy senior citizens with low selenium status (mean 67 micrograms per liter) were given a combined daily selenium and Coenzyme Q10 supplementation<\/em><\/strong><\/a> for four years. Daily supplementation with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4574282\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>200 micrograms of selenium and 2 x 100 milligrams of Coenzyme Q10 reduced the levels of non-specific inflammation as measured by plasma levels of C-reactive protein and other biomarkers of inflammation<\/em><\/strong><\/a> [Alehagen 2015; Alehagen 2019].<\/p>\n<p>Overactive inflammatory responses are typical of severe corona virus infections. The ability of combined selenium and Coenzyme Q10 supplementation to provide significant relief from inflammatory response is noteworthy [Alexander 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Selenium Supplementation in Combination with N-acetylcysteine<\/h4>\n<p>The function of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant seleno-enzymes is dependent upon an adequate supply of the cofactor glutathione. Co-supplementation with N-acetylcysteine, which is essential for making glutathione, may be necessary [Alexander 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Take Home Message: Selenium Supplementation and COVID-19<\/h4>\n<p><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25734564\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intakes of selenium in food vary considerably from region to region in the world<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em> Generally, selenium intakes in much of Europe and the Middle East are considerably lower than selenium intakes in many regions in North America [Stoffaneller &amp; Morse 2015].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2358\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><strong>Individuals with plasma selenium status below 100 micrograms per liter should consider selenium supplementation at a dose of 100\u2013200 micrograms per day<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, together with or without cofactors such as Coenzyme Q10 and N-acetylcysteine as a recommended adjuvant approach to prevent infection with the COIVD-19 virus [Alexander 2020].<\/p>\n<p>A Chinese study has shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32342979\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>patients&#8217; low selenium status was associated with lower cure-rates for COVID-19 infections<\/em><\/strong><\/a> [Zhang &amp; Rayman 2020].<\/p>\n<p>A German study has shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32708526\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>higher selenium status and higher selenoprotein P status were associated with higher COVID-19 survival rates<\/em><\/strong><\/a> [Moghaddam 2020].<\/p>\n<p>Adequate daily selenium intakes from food and supplements are necessary for the bio-synthesis of vital selenoproteins [Alexander 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Sources<\/h4>\n<p>Alehagen U, Johansson P, Bj\u00f6rnstedt M, Ros\u00e9n A, Dahlstr\u00f6m U. Cardiovascular Mortality and N-terminal-proBNP Reduced after Combined Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation: A 5-year Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Among Elderly Swedish Citizens. International Journal of Cardiology, 2013;167(5), 1860-1866.<\/p>\n<p>Alehagen U, Lindahl TL, Aaseth J, Svensson E, Johansson P. Levels of sP-selectin and hs-CRP Decrease with Dietary Intervention with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Combined: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137680.<\/p>\n<p>Alehagen U, Alexander J, Aaseth J, Larsson A. Decrease in inflammatory biomarker concentration by intervention with selenium and coenzyme Q10: a subanalysis of osteopontin, osteoprotergerin, TNFr1, TNFr2 and TWEAK. J Inflamm (Lond). 2019;16:5.<\/p>\n<p>Alexander J, Tinkov A, Strand TA, Alehagen U, Skalny A, Aaseth J. Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2358.<\/p>\n<p>Moghaddam A, Heller RA, Sun Q, et al. Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2098.<\/p>\n<p>Richie JP Jr, Das A, Calcagnotto AM, et al. Comparative effects of two different forms of selenium on oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(8):796-804.<\/p>\n<p>Stoffaneller R, Morse NL. A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1494-1537.<\/p>\n<p>Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1297-1299.<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n<p>15 August 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adequate intakes of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D are essential to ensure resistance to viral infections, to promote strong immune function, and to reduce levels of inflammation. A team of Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian researchers recommends the initiation of adequate supplementation with these micronutrients in high-risk areas and in cases of suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-to-raise-anti-viral-resistance-against-covid-19\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium to Raise Anti-Viral Resistance Against COVID-19&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1918","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-covid-19","category-inflammation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selenium to 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