{"id":2025,"date":"2020-12-15T08:53:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T08:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=2025"},"modified":"2021-01-22T09:42:31","modified_gmt":"2021-01-22T09:42:31","slug":"low-selenium-status-and-at-risk-pregnancies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/low-selenium-status-and-at-risk-pregnancies","title":{"rendered":"Low Selenium Status and At-Risk Pregnancies"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_617\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-617\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-617 size-medium\" title=\"Adequate selenium intakes and status during pregnancy result in better birth outcomes.\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Pregnant-woman-in-park-200x300.png\" alt=\"Pregnant woman\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Pregnant-woman-in-park-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Pregnant-woman-in-park.png 426w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-617\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Low serum selenium status (defined as below 80 micrograms per liter) during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, pre-term births, and other adverse outcomes.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>A recent review article presents the evidence that low selenium status in pregnant women may be implicated in the following complications [Duntas 2020]:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>miscarriage<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>preeclampsia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>pre-term birth<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>retarded fetus intrauterine growth<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>post-partum hypothyroidism and auto-immune thyroiditis<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>To ensure an optimal pregnancy outcome, Dr. Leonidas Duntas recommends that physicians take an individualized approach and prescribe dietary and supplemental selenium intakes that are tailored to the pregnant woman\u2019s needs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Why is Adequate Selenium Important for Pregnant Women?<\/h4>\n<p>Selenium is an essential trace element. <a href=\"https:\/\/thyroidresearchjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13044-020-00090-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>Its intake and status in the blood plasma can vary considerably according to a number of factors<\/em><\/strong><\/a> [Duntas 2020]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>differences in diet and nutrition<\/li>\n<li>differences in soil and plant selenium content<\/li>\n<li>ethnic differences<\/li>\n<li>genetic differences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Without a blood selenium test, it is not possible to know whether women planning a pregnancy have sufficient circulating selenium. The Mayo Clinic reports that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayocliniclabs.com\/test-catalog\/Clinical+and+Interpretive\/9765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>the normal selenium concentration in adult human blood serum in the United States is 70 to 150 micrograms per liter with a population mean value of 98 micrograms per liter.<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25734564\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>In much of Europe, especially northern Europe, and the Middle East, serum selenium concentrations could be notably lower<\/em><\/strong><\/a> [Stoffaneller &amp; Morse 2015].<\/p>\n<h4>The Biological Functions of Selenium<\/h4>\n<p>In human cells, selenium does not normally exist in its elemental form. Its primary biological functions are performed when<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3943681\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em> the selenium is incorporated into the 21st amino acid selenocysteine, which then becomes a component of selenoproteins<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. These selenoproteins play a major role in antioxidant defense mechanisms, in redox regulation, and in thyroid hormone metabolism [Duntas 2020].<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Duntas lists the most important selenoproteins:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the deiodinases<\/li>\n<li>the glutathione peroxidases<\/li>\n<li>the thioredoxin reductases<\/li>\n<li>the selenocysteine insertion binding protein 2 (SECISBP2)<\/li>\n<li>the selenium transport protein (SELENOP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Selenium deficiency has been associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases.<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The deiodinases control thyroid hormone turnover. They regulate the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) [Duntas 2020].<\/li>\n<li>The glutathione peroxidases and the thioredoxin reductases are involved in thyroid gland protection by their modulation of redox activities [Duntas 2020].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Selenium and At-Risk Pregnancies<\/h4>\n<p>Current evidence indicates that <em><strong>selenium deficiency during pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse effects on the fetus and the mother as well as with increased biomarkers of oxidative stress<\/strong><\/em>. There is now evidence that selenium supplementation may reduce the incidence of the adverse events and may decrease the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis complications and may prevent post-partum hypothyroidism. However, there is still a need to establish appropriate dosages and durations for the selenium supplementation [Duntas 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Selenium and Miscarriage<\/h4>\n<p>Dr. Duntas reviews the evidence establishing<strong><em> a correlation between low selenium intakes\/status and the risk of miscarriage<\/em><\/strong>. Although a causal relationship has not been conclusively demonstrated, he recommends that physicians consider selenium supplementation on an individual basis during the first trimester, especially for women who live in selenium-poor regions and for women known to be at risk for miscarriage [Duntas 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Selenium and Pre-eclampsia<\/h4>\n<p>A 2015 meta-analysis of 13 observational studies with 1515 participants and 3 randomized controlled trials with 439 participants has shown [Xu 2015]:<\/p>\n<p>-There is an inverse relationship between blood selenium levels and the risk of pre-eclampsia.<br \/>\n&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26516080\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em><strong>Supplementation with selenium significantly reduces the incidence of pre-eclampsia.<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The important thing is to determine the dose, the beginning time, and the duration of selenium supplementation of pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia [Xu 2015].<\/p>\n<h4>Selenium and Pre-Term Births<\/h4>\n<p>Dr. Duntas reviews the evidence for <strong><em>an association between low maternal selenium intakes\/status and the risk of pre-term birth<\/em><\/strong>. Low maternal serum selenium concentrations in early pregnancy should be considered a marker for the increased risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns [Duntas 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Selenium and Autoimmune Thyroiditis During or After Pregnancy<\/h4>\n<p>Dr. Duntas points out that the current guidelines for autoimmune thyroiditis do not recommend selenium administration during pregnancy; even so, Dr. Duntas suggests that <em><strong>autoimmune thyroiditis patients who are at high risk and who have low selenium levels (defined as below\u200980\u2009micrograms per liter) in early pregnancy, be considered for Se supplementation<\/strong><\/em> [Duntas 2020].<\/p>\n<h4>Bottom Line: Selenium and Pregnancy<\/h4>\n<p>Dr. Duntas reviews a number of studies that give evidence for the importance of adequate selenium levels during pregnancy and comes to the following conclusions [Duntas 2020]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Selenium deficiency is implicated in miscarriage, preeclampsia, retarded fetus intrauterine growth, and preterm birth.<\/li>\n<li>Pregnant women with autoimmune thyroiditis in conjunction with low selenium levels are at an increased risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome and an increased risk of postpartum hypothyroidism.<\/li>\n<li>Selenium supplementation of low-selenium status pregnant women should be considered on an individual basis.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22381456\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>Selenium status below 80 micrograms per liter seems to call for selenium supplementation.<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22381456\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><em>Selenium status above 120 micrograms per liter seems to signal that there is no need for supplementation.<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Sources<\/h4>\n<p>Duntas, L.H. Selenium and at-risk pregnancy: challenges and controversies. Thyroid Res 13, 16 (2020).<\/p>\n<p>Stoffaneller R, Morse NL. A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients. 2015 Feb 27;7(3):1494-537.<\/p>\n<p>Xu M, Guo D, Gu H, Zhang L, Lv S. Selenium and Pre-eclampsia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016 Jun;171(2):283-292.<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.<\/p>\n<p>15 December 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A recent review article presents the evidence that low selenium status in pregnant women may be implicated in the following complications [Duntas 2020]: miscarriage preeclampsia pre-term birth retarded fetus intrauterine growth post-partum hypothyroidism and auto-immune thyroiditis To ensure an optimal pregnancy outcome, Dr. Leonidas Duntas recommends that physicians take an individualized approach and prescribe dietary &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/low-selenium-status-and-at-risk-pregnancies\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Low Selenium Status and At-Risk Pregnancies&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pregnancy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Low selenium status in pregnancy risks adverse outcomes.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Low selenium status during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, pre-term birth, and thyroid disorders.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/low-selenium-status-and-at-risk-pregnancies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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