{"id":2646,"date":"2022-05-15T11:52:17","date_gmt":"2022-05-15T11:52:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=2646"},"modified":"2022-05-12T08:07:16","modified_gmt":"2022-05-12T08:07:16","slug":"selenium-status-and-covid-19-patients","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-status-and-covid-19-patients","title":{"rendered":"Selenium Status and Covid-19 Patients"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>In cases of severe Covid-19 disease, patients have significantly lower concentrations of selenium and selenoprotein P and significantly higher levels of oxidative stress. That is to say, there is a more intense formation of harmful free radicals in patients with severe Covid-19 disease [Skesters 2022].<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2651\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2651\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2651 size-medium\" title=\"Low selenium levels and higher risk of Covid-19 infection\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Corona-virus-and-DNA-strand-300x150.png\" alt=\"Corona virus\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Corona-virus-and-DNA-strand-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Corona-virus-and-DNA-strand.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2651\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>An adequate supply of selenium and zinc and vitamin D is essential for resistance to the corona viruses and to other viral infections. Here, Skesters er al show that Covid-19 patients have significantly lower levels of plasma selenium and selenoprotein P and significantly higher levels of oxidative stress.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Note<\/em>: Oxidative stress is the bio-medical term for an imbalance between harmful free radical activity and protective antioxidant activity. Selenium is a key component of antioxidant selenoproteins such as the glutathione peroxidases and the thioredoxin reductases.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>Role of Selenium and Selenoprotein P in Covid-19 Disease<\/h5>\n<p>Researchers have been investigating <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35157169\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>the role that selenium may play in reducing the severity and mortality of Covid-19 infections<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. Studies have shown a close relationship between low selenium status, Selenoprotein P deficiency, oxidative stress level, and Covid-19 disease incidence, severity, and prognosis [Skesters 2022].<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Selenium deficiency is associated with a weakened immune response to viruses<\/strong> <\/em>and with the increased virulence of some viruses, including the coronaviruses.<\/li>\n<li>Viral infections are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals).<\/li>\n<li>Oxidative stress can be considered a key characteristic of viral infections.<\/li>\n<li>The production the free radicals knows as reactive oxygen species can enhance the replication of viruses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Selenium Deficiency and Reduced Immune Function and Higher Incidence of Covid-19<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Selenium is incorporated into 25 known selenoproteins with various biological functions in the body.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Sufficient intake of selenium is important for immune system functions<\/em><\/strong> and for antioxidant defense functions.<\/li>\n<li>Selenoprotein P is one of the most important selenoproteins. It is the primary transporter of selenium in the blood circulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Study of the Levels of Selenium, Selenoprotein P, and Oxidative Stress in Coivd-19 Patients<\/h5>\n<p>Skesters et al investigated the blood plasma levels of selenium and selenoprotein P and malondialdehyde (a biomarker for oxidative stress) in 40 acutely ill Covid-19 patients and in 80 post-Covid-19 disease patients.<\/p>\n<h6>Plasma selenium levels<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>The study data showed that the selenium content in the blood of the post-Covid-19 infection patients was similar to the lower blood selenium levels of healthy Latvian citizens, i.e., in the range of 84.6 mcg\/L and 88.2 mcg\/L.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>The selenium content of the acutely ill Covid-19 patients, on the other hand, was significantly decreased<\/strong> <\/em>compared with post-Covid-19 infection patients: 69.7 mcg\/L.<\/li>\n<li>In acutely ill Covid-19 patients treated in the intensive care unit (rather than on regular hospital wards), the plasma selenium levels was as low as 59.3 mcg\/L.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: There is some evidence to indicate that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33835398\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>plasma\/serum selenium levels below 70 mcg\/L are indicative of selenium deficiency, plasma\/serum selenium levels below 100 mcg\/L are sub-optimal levels, and plasma\/serum levels around 125 mcg\/L are optimal for good health<\/strong><\/em><\/a> [Al-Mubarak 2021; Rayman 2020].<\/p>\n<h6>Plasma selenoprotein P levels<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>The study data showed that the contents of selenoprotein P in plasma were 4.5 mg\/mL for the acute patients and in the range of 5.5 mg\/mL to 6.8 mg\/mL in the post-COVID-19 patients.<\/li>\n<li>Research has shown that <em><strong>selenoprotein P plays a crucial role in neuroprotection<\/strong><\/em> during periods of high oxidative stress [Skesters 2022].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>Plasma malondialdehyde levels<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>The study data showed extremely high levels of malondialdehyde \u2013 a biomarker for oxidative stress \u2013 in both groups of patients, acutely ill Covid-19 patients and post-Covid-19 patients.<\/li>\n<li>In all Covid-19 patient groups, the plasma levels of malondialdehyde were many times higher than the levels in healthy individuals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Discussion of the Selenium and Covid-19 Study Results<\/h5>\n<p>Skesters and the research team characterized the study results as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Plasma concentrations of selenium and selenoprotein P in the acutely ill Covid-19 patients were low and extremely low<\/strong><\/em>, respectively.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Plasma selenium concentrations in the acutely ill Covid-19 patients in the intensive care unit were catastrophically low<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2656\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2656\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2656 size-medium\" title=\"Covid-19 mortality rates associated with low soil zinc content\" src=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USA-Map-300x167.png\" alt=\"Map of USA\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USA-Map-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USA-Map.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2656\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Chen et al conducted a study that compared Covid-19 mortality rates in the USA with geochemical concentrations of the trace element zinc on a county-by-county basis. Their analysis showed a significant inverse association between regional zinc concentration and COVID-19 case fatality rate. They observed an increased risk of death from COVID-19 in counties with the lowest concentration of zinc in surface soils.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Skesters and his colleagues concluded that it is <strong><em>very important to detect this selenium and selenoprotein deficiency in Covid-19 patients, especially so in in patients in intensive care<\/em><\/strong>. Selenium and selenoprotein P deficiencies are related to an overall antioxidant deficiency in immune system processes in the body [Skesters 2022].<\/p>\n<p>In a separate study, Chen et al showed that <strong><em>low soil content of the trace element zinc is also associated with increased risk of death from Covid-19 infection<\/em> <\/strong>[Chen 2022].<\/p>\n<h5>Conclusion: Selenium and Covid-19 Infections<\/h5>\n<p>Skesters et al have concluded that there is <strong><em>a need for organic selenium preparations and natural antioxidants that can be used as an adjunctive therapy for preventive purposes and during illness and recovery<\/em><\/strong> [Skesters 2022].<\/p>\n<p>In this context, it is worth noting that Richie et al have shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24938534\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>supplementation with a selenium-enriched yeast product significantly reduced biomarker levels of oxidative stress in healthy men<\/em> <\/strong><\/a>whereas supplementation with pure selenomethionine did not. Their findings suggest that there are selenium-containing compounds in selenium-enriched yeast products other than selenomethionine that may account for the decrease in oxidative stress [Richie 2014].<\/p>\n<h5>Sources<\/h5>\n<p>Al-Mubarak AA, van der Meer P, Bomer N. Selenium, selenoproteins, and heart failure: current knowledge and future perspective. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2021;18(3):122-131.<\/p>\n<p>Chen Y, Ma ZF, Yu D. Geographical distribution of trace elements (selenium, zinc, iron, copper) and case fatality rate of COVID-19: a national analysis across conterminous USA. Environ Geochem Health (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-022-01204-0.<\/p>\n<p>Rayman MP. Selenium intake, status, and health: a complex relationship. Hormones (Athens). 2020 Mar;19(1):9-14.<\/p>\n<p>Richie JP Jr, Das A, Calcagnotto AM, et al. Comparative effects of two different forms of selenium on oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(8):796-804.<\/p>\n<p>Skesters A, Kustovs D, Lece A, Moreino E, Petrosina E, Rainsford KD. Selenium, selenoprotein P, and oxidative stress levels in SARS-CoV-2 patients during illness and recovery. Inflammopharmacology. 2022 Feb 14:1\u20135.<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.<\/p>\n<p>15 May 2022<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In cases of severe Covid-19 disease, patients have significantly lower concentrations of selenium and selenoprotein P and significantly higher levels of oxidative stress. That is to say, there is a more intense formation of harmful free radicals in patients with severe Covid-19 disease [Skesters 2022]. Note: Oxidative stress is the bio-medical term for an imbalance &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-status-and-covid-19-patients\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium Status and Covid-19 Patients&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[70,87,55,89,88,85,83,65,71,86,35,84,56],"class_list":["post-2646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-covid-19","tag-antioxidants","tag-corona-virus","tag-covid-19","tag-death","tag-fatality","tag-free-radicals","tag-infection","tag-mortality","tag-oxidative-stress","tag-reactive-oxygen-species","tag-selenium","tag-selenoprotein-p","tag-zinc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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