{"id":523,"date":"2017-06-08T08:27:09","date_gmt":"2017-06-08T08:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=523"},"modified":"2017-06-15T14:36:43","modified_gmt":"2017-06-15T14:36:43","slug":"selenium-risk-pre-eclampsia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-risk-pre-eclampsia","title":{"rendered":"Selenium and the risk of pre-eclampsia"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-531\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-531 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Pregnant-woman-in-forest-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Pregnant-woman-in-forest-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Pregnant-woman-in-forest.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition that causes high blood pressure in pregnant women who did not have high blood pressure prior to their pregnancies. The high blood pressure typically develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. Research studies show that a daily selenium supplement can reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>There is a clear relationship between a pregnant woman\u2019s selenium status and her risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0\u00a0 Observational studies show that low selenium status is associated with a greater risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0 Studies of selenium supplementation have shown reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia [Xu].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>What is pre-eclampsia?<\/strong><br \/>\nPre-eclampsia is a complex condition characterized by the onset, around week 20 of the pregnancy, of the following symptoms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>abnormally high protein levels in the urine (indicating possible damage to the kidneys)<\/li>\n<li>systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg when measured twice with an interval of at least 4\u20136 hours and not more than 7 days apart [Uzan]<\/li>\n<li>severe headaches<\/li>\n<li>blurred vision<\/li>\n<li>decreased platelet levels in the blood [Mayo Clinic]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pre-eclampsia seems to be caused by an abnormal development of the new blood vessels that are needed to carry blood to the placenta.\u00a0 The new blood vessels are narrower than they should be, and they respond differently to hormonal signaling [Mayo Clinic].<\/p>\n<p>Pre-eclampsia is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3148420\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">serious disorder in pregnancy<\/a>; it can cause premature birth, death of the mother, or death of the child at and around the time of birth [Uzan].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Selenium supplementation and the risk of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis<\/strong><br \/>\nIn 2016, Dr. Xu and his colleagues reported the results of a meta-analysis of 13 observational studies with 1515 participants and 3 randomized controlled trials with 439 participants.<\/p>\n<p>The combined results of the 3 randomized controlled studies showed a relative risk of 0.28 (confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.84) for pre-eclampsia in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26516080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">selenium supplementation group.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Relative risk is the ratio of the risk in the selenium treatment group to the risk in the placebo group.\u00a0 The 0.28 relative risk shows a strong protective effect for the selenium supplementation.\u00a0 The confidence interval shows that the researchers were 95% confident that the population relative risk lies somewhere between 0.09 and 0.84.<\/p>\n<p>Subtracting 0.28 from 1.0, we get 0.72, a relative risk reduction of 72% resulting from the use of selenium supplements as compared with placebo.\u00a0 The true relative risk reduction most probably lies somewhere between 16% and 91%.\u00a0 The point is, there was a significant reduction of the risk in the selenium supplementation groups in these three studies.<\/p>\n<p>If the relative risk calculated for the 3 studies had been greater than 1.0, then we would have suspected that the selenium supplementation was harmful.\u00a0 But the results of the meta-analysis show that selenium supplementation is significantly beneficial in reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia [Xu].\u00a0 This is good news.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Individual studies of selenium supplementation and risk of pre-eclampsia<\/strong><br \/>\nLet\u2019s look at some of the interesting randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of supplementation with selenium and its effect on the risk of pre-eclampsia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Rayman study of selenium supplementation and risk of pre-eclampsia<\/strong><br \/>\nIn 2014, Professor Margaret P. Rayman and her colleagues reported the results of a study in which 230 first-time-pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of two study groups:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a selenium treatment group receiving a 60-microgram selenium-enriched yeast tablet daily<\/li>\n<li>a placebo group receiving a matching placebo yeast tablet daily<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The treatment began at 12 to 14 weeks of pregnancy and continued until the women gave birth.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers measured the women\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24708917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whole-blood selenium concentrations <\/a>at baseline and at 35 weeks.\u00a0 They also measured the women\u2019s plasma selenoprotein P concentrations at 35 weeks.<\/p>\n<p>The whole-blood selenium concentrations of the pregnant women rose significantly in the selenium treatment group, and\u00a0 the whole-blood selenium concentrations of the pregnant women in the placebo group declined significantly.\u00a0 By week 35, the whole-blood selenium concentrations and the selenoprotein P concentrations in the women in the treatment group were significantly higher than the corresponding concentrations in the women in the placebo group [Rayman 2014].<\/p>\n<p>The primary outcome in the study involved comparisons of the levels of a sFlt-1 protein in the blood that is known to disable the proteins that promote the growth and development of blood vessels.\u00a0 Increased concentrations of the sFlt-1\u00a0 protein are a bio-marker for the increased risk of pre-eclampsia.<\/p>\n<p>At week 35, measurements of the concentrations of the sFlt-1 protein showed that the concentrations were significantly lower in the selenium treatment group than in the placebo group, connoting a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia [Rayman 2014].<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Tara study of selenium supplementation and risk of pre-eclampsia<\/strong><br \/>\nIn 2010, Dr. Tara, Dr. Rayman, and members of their research team reported the results of a study in which 166 first-time-pregnant women in their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20708525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first trimester of pregnancy <\/a>were assigned randomly to one of two study groups:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a selenium treatment group taking 100 micrograms of a selenium-enriched yeast preparation daily<\/li>\n<li>a control group taking a matching placebo yeast tablet daily<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The study continued until the women gave birth.\u00a0 The researchers\u2019 measurements showed that the serum selenium concentrations in the women in the treatment group increased significantly; the serum selenium concentrations in the women in the placebo group remained unchanged during the study.\u00a0 The supplementation with selenium was not associated with any major side effects [Tara].<\/p>\n<p>There were no cases of pre-eclampsia in the selenium treatment group; there were 3 cases of pre-eclampsia in the placebo group, suggesting that there may be an association between selenium supplementation and a lower frequency of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0 Although the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance, it may be clinically significant [Tara].<\/p>\n<p>The high-selenium yeast tablets and the matching placebo yeast tablets used in the Rayman and Tara studies were provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmanord.com\/us-products\/selenoprecise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danish pharmaceutical firm<\/a> Pharma Nord.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Han study of selenium supplementation and risk of pre-eclampsia<\/strong><br \/>\nDr. Han and a team of researchers studied the effect of selenium supplementation on 100 pregnant women with high-risk factors of pregnancy-induced high blood pressure.\u00a0 The at-risk pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of two groups:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a treatment group taking 100 micrograms of a natural dietetic selenium liquid daily<\/li>\n<li>a control group taking a similar placebo liquid daily<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The pregnant women took their assigned supplements for 6 to 8 weeks during late pregnancy.\u00a0 Their pre-natal care was the same regardless of the study group to which they had been assigned.<\/p>\n<p>The study results showed that the selenium supplement increased significantly the blood selenium levels in the pregnant women in the treatment group while the blood selenium levels in the pregnant women in the control group decreased significantly during the period of pregnancy.<\/p>\n<p>The selenium supplement prevented and decreased the incidence of pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and the incidence of pregnancy-associated edema [Han].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary: selenium supplementation and pre-eclampsia<\/strong><br \/>\nIn a review article, Professor Rayman, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, has documented the following relevant relationships:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Women who have first-trimester and\/or recurrent miscarriages have<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22381456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> significantly lower selenium status<\/a> than do pregnant women who do not miscarry.<\/li>\n<li>Selenium intake and selenium status have both been linked to risk of pre-eclampsia.<\/li>\n<li>Pre-eclamptic women have significantly lower plasma and toenail selenium concentrations than do matched healthy pregnant women.<\/li>\n<li>Expanded plasma volume during pregnancy may account for some of the decline in selenium status, but systemic inflammation \u2013 associated with both miscarriage and with pre-eclampsia \u2013 is also likely to be a factor decreasing blood selenium levels [Rayman 2012].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The above-described randomized controlled trials of <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/daily-intakes-selenium\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">selenium supplementation<\/a> and risk of pre-eclampsia show a beneficial health effect for pregnant women who have low selenium status.<\/p>\n<p>Sources<\/p>\n<p>Han, L., &amp; Zhou, S. M. (1994). Selenium supplement in the prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension. Chinese Medical Journal, 107(11), 870-871.<\/p>\n<p>Mayo Clinic. (2017). Preeclampsia.\u00a0 Symptoms and Causes.\u00a0 Retrieved from<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/preeclampsia\/symptoms-causes\/dxc-20316143.<\/p>\n<p>Rayman, M. P., Searle, E., Kelly, L., Johnsen, S., Bodman-Smith, K., Bath, S. C., &amp; &#8230; Redman, C. G. (2014). Effect of selenium on markers of risk of pre-eclampsia in UK pregnant women: a randomised, controlled pilot trial. The British Journal of Nutrition, 112(1), 99-111.<\/p>\n<p>Rayman, M. P. (2012). Selenium and human health. Lancet (London, England), 379(9822), 1256-1268.<\/p>\n<p>Tara, F., Maamouri, G., Rayman, M. P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Yazarlu, O., &amp; Ferns, G. (2010). Selenium supplementation and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant Iranian women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, 49(2), 181-187.<\/p>\n<p>Uzan, J., Carbonnel, M., Piconne, O., Asmar, R., &amp; Ayoubi, J. (2011). Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 7467-474.<\/p>\n<p>Xu, M., Guo, D., Gu, H., Zhang, L., &amp; Lv, S. (2016). Selenium and Preeclampsia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biological Trace Element Research, 171(2), 283-292. doi:10.1007\/s12011-015-0545-7.<\/p>\n<p>Disclaimer: The information presented in this article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is a clear relationship between a pregnant woman\u2019s selenium status and her risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0\u00a0 Observational studies show that low selenium status is associated with a greater risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0 Studies of selenium supplementation have shown reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia [Xu]. What is pre-eclampsia? Pre-eclampsia is a complex condition characterized by the onset, around &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-risk-pre-eclampsia\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium and the risk of pre-eclampsia&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fertility"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selenium and the risk of pre-eclampsia - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-risk-pre-eclampsia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Selenium and the risk of pre-eclampsia - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There is a clear relationship between a pregnant woman\u2019s selenium status and her risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0\u00a0 Observational studies show that low selenium status is associated with a greater risk of pre-eclampsia.\u00a0 Studies of selenium supplementation have shown reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia [Xu]. 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