{"id":647,"date":"2017-09-14T09:34:10","date_gmt":"2017-09-14T09:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=647"},"modified":"2017-09-15T18:59:53","modified_gmt":"2017-09-15T18:59:53","slug":"linxian-study-selenium-cancer-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/linxian-study-selenium-cancer-prevention","title":{"rendered":"Selenium and cancer prevention: The Linxian Study"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_655\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-655\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-655 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chinese-woman-for-Linxian-province-200x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chinese-woman-for-Linxian-province-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chinese-woman-for-Linxian-province.png 426w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-655\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>In the 1990s and before, the diets of the people in the Linxian province in China were poor in important micronutrients. Selenium status among the residents was notably low. Cancer rates were high. Supplementation with selenium and other antioxidants reduced cancer incidence and mortality.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>The Nutrition Intervention Trials conducted in the Linxian province in China yielded some of the first promising results linking selenium supplementation to the reduction of cancer incidence and mortality.\u00a0 The Linxian province at the time was characterized by a selenium-poor diet.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The treatment group that received selenium supplements was the group that showed significant health benefits of the supplementation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Significantly lower total mortality<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Significantly lower cancer mortality<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Significantly lower stomach cancer mortality<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The reduced mortality rates began to become apparent already after 1 \u2013 2 years of supplementation.\u00a0 The patterns for reductions in cancer incidence generally approximated the patterns for cancer mortality [Blot].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Linxian study results were exciting because they were published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute and because they appeared before the results of the <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/prostate-cancer-risk-selenium-status\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nutritional Prevention of Cancer study<\/a> in the United States [Clark].<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Linxian study of selenium and cancer<\/strong><br \/>\nHow was the study designed?\u00a0 The researchers recruited 29,584 adults aged 40-69 from four Linxian communities.\u00a0 They randomly assigned the study participants to one of four treatment groups:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Group A: retinol and zinc supplementation<\/li>\n<li>Group B: riboflavin and niacin supplementation<\/li>\n<li>Group C: vitamin C and molybdenum supplementation<\/li>\n<li>Group D: selenium, beta carotene, and vitamin E supplementation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The dosages used were approximately one to two times greater than the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Data linking selenium to reduced risk of cancer<\/strong><br \/>\nThen, the researchers followed the incoming data for mortality and cancer incidence from 1986 to 1991.\u00a0 Analysis of the data from the five-year period of supplementation showed that only the treatment group receiving daily dosages of selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamin E had significantly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8360931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">less cancer incidence and mortality <\/a>[Blot].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Additional health benefits of selenium supplementation<\/strong><br \/>\nOf the four treatment groups in the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials, treatment group D \u2013 the selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamin E group \u2013 also had the greatest<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9430262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reduction in stroke mortality<\/a>.\u00a0 Somewhat surprisingly, the reduction in death from stroke was not accompanied by a prevalent end-of-trial reduction in high blood pressure rates, as might have been expected [Mark 1998].<\/p>\n<p>Researchers conducted a parallel clinical study in Linxian province in which 3318 men and women were randomly assigned to receive daily supplements consisting of 26 vitamins and minerals, including selenium, in doses that were typically double or triple the United States Recommended Daily Allowances, or placebos, for 6 years.\u00a0 The outcome of that parallel study showed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8651227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">association between the active supplementation and reductions<\/a> in <em><strong>cerebrovascular disease and in blood pressure levels<\/strong> <\/em>[Mark 1996].<\/p>\n<p><strong>The really big selenium and cancer studies<\/strong><br \/>\nThe results of the Linxian study were encouraging for selenium scientists and researchers.\u00a0 Since Linxian, there have been other big selenium supplementation and cancer risk studies that have yielded promising.<\/p>\n<p>In future articles, I will want to delve into the design and results of these studies:<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Selenium and Oral Cancer Study, 1995 [Prasad]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for one year with a high-selenium yeast preparation in combination with vitamin A, riboflavin, and zinc significantly reduced the frequency of micronuclei and DNA adducts as compared to a placebo treatment.\u00a0 The formation of micronuclei and DNA adducts are usually <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7549753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">signs of DNA damage<\/a> and the beginning of cancerous activity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study, 1996 [Clark]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for 4.5 years with a high-selenium yeast preparation was associated with <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/our-bodies-cannot-make-selenium-for-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">significant reductions<\/a> in total cancer mortality, total cancer incidence, and lung, colorectal, and prostate cancer incidence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Qidong (China) Primary Liver Cancer Study, 1997 [Yu]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for two years with a high-selenium yeast preparation significantly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9152515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reduced the risk<\/a> of primary liver cancer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Qidong (China) Primary Liver Cancer Study, 2000 [Li]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for three years with a high-selenium yeast preparation significantly reduced the risk of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11860943\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">primary liver cancer.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Su.Vi.Max Study, 2004 [Hercberg]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for 7.5 years with selenium and zinc and antioxidant vitamins <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15557412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reduced total cancer incidence <\/a>and all-cause mortality in men but not in women.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Prevention of Cancer by Intervention by Selenium (PRECISE) Study, 2004 [Larsen]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation with equal dosages (300 micrograms daily) of the SelenoPrecise\u00ae high-selenium yeast preparation and a synthetic l-selenomethionine preparation showed significantly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15084104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher whole blood selenium concentrations<\/a> in the high-selenium yeast treatment group.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The SELECT Study, 2009 [Lippman]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for five years with selenium alone or in combination with Vitamin E did not significantly reduce the incidence of prostate cancer.\u00a0 Two possible explanations for the lack of a significant result have been proposed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the form of the selenium supplement used in the study (it was a synthetic l-selenomethionine supplement that lacked <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19066370\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the species diversity of high-selenium yeast <\/a>preparations.)<\/li>\n<li>the unusually high baseline plasma selenium concentrations of the study participants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Recurrent Adenomas Study, 2013 [Bonelli]<\/strong><br \/>\nSupplementation for four years with selenium, zinc, and antioxidant vitamins significantly <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/selenium-and-colorectal-cancer-bonelli-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reduced the recurrence <\/a>of adenomas in the large intestine.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The all-important formulation of the selenium supplement<\/strong><br \/>\nThere are two things especially interesting about the design of these selenium and cancer studies:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The differences in the use of selenium as a stand-alone supplement or in combination with other micronutrients<\/li>\n<li>The difference in the formulation of the selenium supplement itself<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>High-selenium yeast preparations best<br \/>\n<\/strong>At present, the available studies show that the <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/high-selenium-yeast-supplement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high-selenium yeast preparation<\/a> containing organic selenomethionine, Se-methylselenocysteine, and small amounts of as many as 30 other selenium species gives the best intake, bio-availability, and cancer protection.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sources<\/p>\n<p>Blot, W. J., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Guo, W., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., et al.\u00a0 (1993). Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin\/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Journal of The National Cancer Institute, 85(18), 1483-1492.<\/p>\n<p>Bonelli, L., Puntoni, M., Gatteschi, B., Massa, P., Missale, G., Munizzi, F., &amp; &#8230; Bruzzi, P. (2013). Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial. Journal of Gastroenterology, 48(6), 698-705.<\/p>\n<p>Clark, L. C., Combs, G. F., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E., &amp; Alberts, D.\u00a0 (1996).\u00a0 The nutritional prevention of cancer with selenium 1983-1993; a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 276: 1957-1963.<\/p>\n<p>Clark, L. C., Dalkin, B., Krongrad, A., Combs, G. F., &amp; Turnbull, B. W.\u00a0 (1998). Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Brit. J. Urol, 81: 730-734.<\/p>\n<p>Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Preziosi, P., Bertrais, S., Mennen, L., Malvy, D., &amp; Brian\u00e7on, S. (2004). The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(21), 2335-2342.<\/p>\n<p>Larsen, E. H., Hansen, M., Paulin, H., Moesgaard, S., Reid, M., &amp; Rayman, M. (2004). Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies. Journal of AOAC International, 87(1), 225-232.<\/p>\n<p>Li, W., Zhu, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Ni, Z., &amp; Zhu, J. (2000). [The prevention of primary liver cancer by selenium in high risk populations]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine], 34(6), 336-338.<\/p>\n<p>Lippman, S. M., Klein, E. A., Goodman, P. J., Lucia, M. S., Thompson, I. M., Ford, L. G., &amp; Coltman, C. J. (2009). Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Jama, 301(1), 39-51.<\/p>\n<p>Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. J., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., &amp; Blot, W. J. (1998). Do nutritional supplements lower the risk of stroke or hypertension? Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 9(1), 9-15.<\/p>\n<p>Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. J., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., &amp; Blot, W. J. (1996). Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin\/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143(7), 658-664.<\/p>\n<p>Prasad, M. P., Mukunda, M. A., &amp; Krishnaswamy, K.\u00a0 (1995).\u00a0 Micronuclei and carcinogen DNA adducts as intermediate end points in nutrient intervention trial of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity. Eur. J. Cancer B Oral Oncol, 31B: 155-159.<\/p>\n<p>Yu, S. Y., Zhu, Y. J., &amp; Li, W. G. (1997). Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biological Trace Element Research, 56(1), 117-124.<\/p>\n<p>The information contained in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Nutrition Intervention Trials conducted in the Linxian province in China yielded some of the first promising results linking selenium supplementation to the reduction of cancer incidence and mortality.\u00a0 The Linxian province at the time was characterized by a selenium-poor diet. The treatment group that received selenium supplements was the group that showed significant health &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/linxian-study-selenium-cancer-prevention\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium and cancer prevention: The Linxian Study&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-647","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cancer"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selenium and cancer prevention: The Linxian Study - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/linxian-study-selenium-cancer-prevention\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Selenium and cancer prevention: The Linxian Study - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Nutrition Intervention Trials conducted in the Linxian province in China yielded some of the first promising results linking selenium supplementation to the reduction of cancer incidence and mortality.\u00a0 The Linxian province at the time was characterized by a selenium-poor diet. 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