{"id":704,"date":"2018-03-29T16:09:42","date_gmt":"2018-03-29T16:09:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=704"},"modified":"2018-03-30T14:49:53","modified_gmt":"2018-03-30T14:49:53","slug":"selenium-oral-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-oral-cancer","title":{"rendered":"Selenium and oral cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_920\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-920\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-920 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Oral-cancer-histopathology-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Oral-cancer-histopathology-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Oral-cancer-histopathology.png 638w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-920\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Because many cancers take so long to develop, research studies with cancer as the endpoint require a long period of observation and are very expensive. Focus on intermediate endpoints such as bio-markers for the development of cancer are useful for assessing the value of\u00a0 selenium supplements for cancer prevention. Pictured here: a histo-pathologic image showing squamous cell carcinoma in a biopsy specimen.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>When we test the efficacy of selenium supplementation in the prevention of cancer, we often look at the effect of the selenium supplementation on bio-markers for the development of cancer.\u00a0 Bio-markers are substances whose presence in blood or tissue indicates the concurrent presence of a disease or an infection.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>An Indian (sub-continent) research study has shown that supplementation with selenium, zinc, riboflavin, and vitamin A significantly inhibits the development of bio-markers for oral cancers [Prasad].<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Okay, because the selenium was administered as one component in a micro-nutrient cocktail, we cannot attribute the outcome solely to the selenium supplementation.\u00a0 But it is a good bet that the selenium \u2013 through its incorporation into antioxidant selenoproteins \u2013 was a major factor in the beneficial health effects.\u00a0 There is support for the idea that antioxidant supplements are effective cancer chemopreventive agents [Prasad].<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Selenium and cancer in the mouth<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Researchers at the Indian Council of Medical Research in Hyderabad, India, wanted to see if the administration of selenium and other micronutrients would reduce the number of lesions and the frequency of two bio-markers for oral cancer in smokers.<\/p>\n<p>The research results showed the following <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7549753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">significant reductions<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>total regression of lesions (wounds, ulcers, abscesses) in the mouth in 57% of the smokers receiving the active supplement treatment and in only 8% of the smokers on the placebo treatment [Prasad]<\/li>\n<li>further progression of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7627087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">existing lesions<\/a> occurred in only 10% of the supplemented group compared with 47% in the placebo group [Krishnaswamy]<\/li>\n<li>appearance of new lesions in the mouths of only 12% of the smokers on the active supplement treatment but in 48% of the smokers on the placebo treatment [Prasad]<\/li>\n<li>60% reduction in the frequency of <em>micronuclei<\/em> in the mouths of smokers with and without lesions who received the active supplement treatment compared with 35% reduction in the mouths of smokers who received the placebo treatment [Prasad]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Moreover, all of the reductions in the frequency of <em>micronuclei<\/em> in the smokers in the placebo group occurred in the smokers without lesions in the mouth.\u00a0 None of the reductions in the placebo group occurred in smokers with sores in their mouths.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: Micro-nucleated cells are cells that develop whenever a chromosome or part of a chromosome does not get incorporated into the daughter cell during cell division. These <em>micronuclei<\/em> are often seen in cancer cells.<\/p>\n<p>The Indian study also showed significant results with respect to DNA adducts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thirteen-fold greater reduction in the number of DNA adducts in the active supplement group than in the placebo group for smokers with lesions in their mouths<\/li>\n<li>Three-fold greater reduction in the number of DNA adducts in the active supplement group than in the placebo group for smokers without lesions in their mouths [Prasad]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: DNA adducts are segments of DNA that are bound to cancer-causing substances.\u00a0 As such, they are bio-markers for the development of cancer, in this case, cancer in the mouth.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The participants in the selenium and precancerous lesions study<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The Indian researchers enrolled a total of 298 smokers: 79 males and 219 females between the ages of 25 and 70 years.\u00a0 Two-thirds of the study participants had precancerous lesions in their mouths; one-third did not.<\/p>\n<p>The study participants were smokers of unprocessed tobacco wrapped in semi-dried tobacco leaves (the cigarettes are known as <em>beedis<\/em>; the tobacco is called <em>chutta<\/em>).\u00a0 The smokers smoked the cigarettes with the lit end in their mouths, in a process known as \u201creverse smoking\u201d [Prasad].\u00a0 Chutta smoking is associated with high rates of oropharyngeal cancer [Malik].<\/p>\n<p>The study participants were assigned randomly to a supplement treatment group (n=150) and to a placebo control group (n=148).\u00a0 The researchers did a complete oral examination initially and again after twelve months of participation.\u00a0 They removed and examined oral epithelial cells from the mouths of the participants for the presence of DNA adducts and <em>micronuclei<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: The epithelial cells referred to here are the cells that line the inside of the mouth and the esophagus.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The dosages used in the selenium and oral cancer study<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The study participants took the antioxidant supplements or the placebo in a single capsule twice a week for an entire year.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>During the first fourth months of the study, the participants in the active supplement group received 100 micrograms of selenium and 12.5 milligrams of zinc per tablet.\u00a0 During the last months of the study, the dosages were changed to 50 micrograms of selenium and 25 milligrams of zinc.<\/li>\n<li>The dosages of riboflavin varied accordingly: 50 milligrams during the first four months followed by 15 milligrams during the second four months and, finally, 30 milligrams during the last four months of the year-long study.<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin A dosages were 25,000 international units during the first and last four months of the study and 10,000 international units during the middle four months.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, the dosages used were physiological dosages, not pharmaceutical dosages.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Scientific information from the selenium and oral cancer study<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The data of the Indian research study show the following encouraging outcomes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The two bio-markers for the development of cancer of the mouth \u2013 DNA adducts and <em>micronuclei<\/em> \u2013 were reduced significantly by the administration of selenium and the other antioxidant nutritional supplements.<\/li>\n<li>The number of lesions in the mouths of smokers was reduced, the progression of existing lesions was reduced, and the development of new lesions was decreased significantly by the administration of selenium and other antioxidant nutritional supplements.<\/li>\n<li>The positive clinical response of the participants to the antioxidant supplement treatment in terms of cancer bio-markers and precancerous lesions suggests a beneficial impact in the prevention of the development of full-blown oral cancer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: What do we mean when we say that the association of the selenium supplementation with a beneficial health outcome was <strong><em>statistically significant<\/em><\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p>We mean that the probability is very small that we would get a health benefit of the selenium supplementation as large as the one we got, compared to placebo, merely because of chance or because of sampling variability.\u00a0 In this Indian study, the probability of getting the observed association between selenium supplementation and the reduction in frequency of <em>micronuclei<\/em> was less than one chance in a thousand.\u00a0 Our uncertainty about the &#8220;truth&#8221; of the observed health effects is correspondingly low.<\/p>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Krishnaswamy, K., Prasad, M. P., Krishna, T. P., Annapurna, V. V., &amp; Reddy, G. A. (1995). A case study of nutrient intervention of oral precancerous lesions in India. European Journal of Cancer. Part B, Oral Oncology, 31B(1), 41-48.<\/p>\n<p>Malik, S. K., Behera, D., &amp; Jindal, S. K. (1983). Reverse smoking and chronic obstructive lung disease. British Journal of Diseases of The Chest, 77(2), 199-201.<\/p>\n<p>Prasad, M. P., Mukundan, M. A., &amp; Krishnaswamy, K. (1995). Micronuclei and carcinogen DNA adducts as intermediate end points in nutrient intervention trial of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity. European Journal of Cancer. Part B, Oral Oncology, 31B(3), 155-159.<\/p>\n<p>Disclaimer: The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When we test the efficacy of selenium supplementation in the prevention of cancer, we often look at the effect of the selenium supplementation on bio-markers for the development of cancer.\u00a0 Bio-markers are substances whose presence in blood or tissue indicates the concurrent presence of a disease or an infection. An Indian (sub-continent) research study has &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-oral-cancer\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium and oral cancer&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cancer"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Selenium and oral cancer - Seleniumfacts.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-oral-cancer\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Selenium and oral cancer - Seleniumfacts.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When we test the efficacy of selenium supplementation in the prevention of cancer, we often look at the effect of the selenium supplementation on bio-markers for the development of cancer.\u00a0 Bio-markers are substances whose presence in blood or tissue indicates the concurrent presence of a disease or an infection. 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