{"id":821,"date":"2017-12-04T14:59:11","date_gmt":"2017-12-04T14:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=821"},"modified":"2017-12-04T22:27:27","modified_gmt":"2017-12-04T22:27:27","slug":"selenium-single-intervention-cancer-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-single-intervention-cancer-prevention","title":{"rendered":"Selenium as a single intervention for cancer prevention"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_835\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-835\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-835 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Bread-14-less-Se-in-flour-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Bread-14-less-Se-in-flour-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Bread-14-less-Se-in-flour.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>In many regions of the world, low soil selenium levels result in the production of low-selenium wheat.\u00a0 Then, the milling and processing of the wheat results in 14% less selenium in wheat flour than is found in the raw wheat.\u00a0 The combined result is decreased intakes of dietary selenium and increased risk of cancer. Studies show that supplementation with high-selenium yeast preparations in low-selenium regions has a cancer preventive effect.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>On this blog site, <em>seleniumfacts.com<\/em>, we focus on the health and nutritional benefits of selenium supplementation.\u00a0 We look at the following types of studies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>human studies more so than lab studies or animal studies<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>intervention studies more so than observational studies<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>randomized controlled studies whenever possible<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Cancer and Selenium as a single intervention agent<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The best studies of selenium as a single intervention to prevent or treat cancer show significant results in regions with low selenium intakes and\/or high cancer risk.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Professor Clark\u2019s NPC study<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The big breakthrough came when Professor Larry Clark published the results of the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8971064\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Nutritional Prevention of Cancer (NPC) study <\/a>in the prestigious journal <em>JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The NPC study was a multi-center randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study carried out in a selenium-poor region of the southeastern United States.\u00a0 The study participants who took 200 micrograms of a <strong><em>high selenium yeast<\/em> <\/strong>preparation over an average 4.5-year period showed significant health benefits (as compared to placebo):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>50% lower cancer mortality<\/li>\n<li>37% lower total cancer incidence<\/li>\n<li>46% lower lung cancer incidence<\/li>\n<li>58% lower colorectal cancer incidence<\/li>\n<li>63% lower prostate cancer incidence [Clark]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The study participants were 75% American men; consequently, there were no meaningful data with respect to breast cancer.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006, Dr. Reid and colleagues reported the results of a secondary analysis of the NPC data regarding selenium supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancers.\u00a0 The analysis revealed a significant reduction of risk in two sub-sets of study participants:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Study participants whose baseline selenium status was in the lowest tertile of the group<\/li>\n<li>Study participants known to be current smokers [Reid 2006]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Dr. Yu\u2019s primary liver cancer studies<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In Qidong County, a selenium-poor region in China, Dr. Yu and colleagues studied the efficacy of selenium supplements against hepatitis B virus and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9152515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">primary liver cancer<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Selenized table salt as the selenium intervention agent produced a 35% reduction in primary liver cancer as compared to the effect of non-selenized table salt.<\/li>\n<li>Daily <strong><em>high-selenium yeast<\/em><\/strong> tablets as the selenium intervention agent resulted in zero development of primary liver cancer in hepatitis B patients over a four-year period.\u00a0 In the same period, six percent of the hepatitis B study participants taking the placebo preparation developed primary liver cancer [Yu].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Especially <\/strong><em><strong>interesting<\/strong>:<\/em> in both Yu studies, the rate of primary liver cancer started rising when the study participants stopped taking the selenized selenium supplements.\u00a0 Continuous intervention with selenium had a cancer chemo-preventive effect [Yu].<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Professor Li\u2019s primary liver cancer study<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In a later and bigger study in Qidong County, a region with a known <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11860943\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high risk for liver cancer,<\/a> Dr. Li and colleagues tested 2,065 study participants for three years.\u00a0 They randomly assigned the study participants to a treatment group taking a selenium supplement or to a placebo group.<\/p>\n<p>In the selenium treatment group, the level of micronucleus cells in lymphocytes was significantly lower than in the placebo group.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note: A test for micronucleus cells is a reliable test for compounds that are carcinogens that cause cancer by doing damage to genes.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, in the selenium treatment group, the occurrence of new cases of liver cancer was significantly lower than in the control group.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Dr. Karamali\u2019s study of selenium and women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Dr. Karamali and colleagues reported <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26439877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">long-term beneficial effects of adjunct selenium treatment<\/a> of women with grade 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1).<\/p>\n<p><em>Note: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is the medical term for the precancerous abnormal growth of epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The women in Dr. Karamali\u2019s study were randomly assigned to a treatment group receiving 200 micrograms per day of a <strong><em>high-selenium yeast<\/em> <\/strong>preparation or to a placebo group.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supplementation with selenium led to the regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.<\/li>\n<li>Supplementation with selenium had beneficial effects on the women\u2019s metabolic profiles, e.g. decreased fasting glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity.<\/li>\n<li>Supplementation with selenium was associated with decreased oxidative stress [Karamali].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>PRECISE pilot studies with high-selenium yeast preparations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23028897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PRECISE study<\/a> was designed as a high-power study of the effect of <strong><em>high-selenium yeast<\/em> <\/strong>supplements on 32,000 cancer patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden.\u00a0 The full-blown PRECISE study did not get off the ground because of a lack of funding.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, the necessary funding went to the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group in the United States.\u00a0 The PRECISE researchers did, however, conduct pilot studies in Denmark and the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>The study participants in the two PRECISE pilot study samples received high-selenium yeast preparations, SelenoPrecise\u00ae supplements, variously at rates of 100, 200, or 300 micrograms per day.\u00a0 Six months of supplementation with each dosage increased the study participants\u2019 plasma and whole blood levels significantly.<\/p>\n<p>In the UK PRECISE pilot study, 200 micrograms of SelenoPrecise\u00ae <strong><em>high-selenium yeast supplements<\/em><\/strong> per day resulted in significantly higher plasma selenium levels and higher increases from baseline selenium status than had been the case for Professor Clark\u2019s NPC study participants [Larsen].<\/p>\n<p>Regrettably, we did not get to find out whether a large randomized controlled trial with 200 micrograms of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmanord.eu\/products\/seleen-forte\/selenoprecise-quality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SelenoPrecise\u00ae high-selenium yeast supplements<\/a> per day would have replicated the significant results in the NPC study and the Qidong studies.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>SELECT study: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>It remains for me to report on the SELECT study.<\/p>\n<p>The SELECT study was halted before its scheduled completion date because preliminary data showed that neither selenium nor vitamin E reduced the risk of prostate cancer in the period 2001 &#8211; 2004.\u00a0 I will want to write extensively about the SELECT study in a future article.<\/p>\n<p>For now, suffice it to say that the SELECT study was the wrong study.\u00a0 The SELECT study was\u00a0 conducted:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in the wrong group of study participants (high baseline selenium status)<\/li>\n<li>with the wrong selenium preparation (a synthetic l-selenomethionine preparation instead of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15084104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an organic high-selenium yeast preparation<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With hindsight, we can regret that the SELECT study funding (reportedly $114 million) did not go to the PRECISE study instead.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>What have we learned from the cancer and selenium studies?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Dr. Lee and colleagues did a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22004275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of selenium supplements<\/a> on cancer prevention.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>They concluded: Single interventions with selenium supplements are effective at reducing the risk of cancer in low baseline serum selenium level populations and in populations with high risk for cancer.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Conclusion: randomized controlled studies of selenium and cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Randomized controlled studies are expensive to set up and run.\u00a0 It is difficult for researchers to get funding for big expensive studies of selenium because selenium is an element.<\/p>\n<p>Even so, there have been noteworthy studies done on the efficacy of selenium supplementation to prevent and\/or treat various forms of cancer.\u00a0 In a future article, I will present the cancer chemopreventive evidence from studies of selenium supplementation in combination with other antioxidants.<\/p>\n<p>The following studies of selenium plus other antioxidants in the prevention of cancer are important:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Professor Blot\u2019s Linxian study<\/li>\n<li>Professor Hercberg\u2019s Su.Vi.Max. study<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Bonelli\u2019s Recurrent Adenomas study<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Prasad\u2019s Micronuclei and DNA Adducts study<\/li>\n<li>The Southwest Oncology Group\u2019s SELECT study<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Clark, L. C., Combs, G. J., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., &amp; Taylor, J. R. (1996). Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 276(24), 1957-1963.<\/p>\n<p>Karamali, M., Nourgostar, S., Zamani, A., Vahedpoor, Z., &amp; Asemi, Z. (2015). The favourable effects of long-term selenium supplementation on regression of cervical tissues and metabolic profiles of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The British Journal of Nutrition, 114(12), 2039-2045.<\/p>\n<p>Larsen, E. H., Hansen, M., Paulin, H., Moesgaard, S., Reid, M., &amp; Rayman, M. (2004). Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies. Journal of AOAC International, 87(1), 225-232.<\/p>\n<p>Lee, E.H., Myung, S.K., Jeon, Y.J., Kim, Y., Chang, Y.J., Ju, W., Seo, H.G., &amp; Huh B.Y. (2011). Effects of selenium supplements on cancer prevention: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.\u00a0 Nutr Cancer, 63(8):1185-95.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1080\/01635581.2011.607544<\/p>\n<p>Li, W., Zhu, Y., Yan, X., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Ni, Z., &amp; &#8230; Zhu, J. (2000). [The prevention of primary liver cancer by selenium in high risk populations]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine], 34(6), 336-338.<\/p>\n<p>Reid, M. E., Duffield-Lillico, A. J., Sunga, A., Fakih, M., Alberts, D. S., &amp; Marshall, J. R. (2006). Selenium supplementation and colorectal adenomas: an analysis of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. International Journal of Cancer, 118(7), 1777-1781.<\/p>\n<p>Yu, S. Y., Zhu, Y. J., &amp; Li, W. G. (1997). Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biological Trace Element Research, 56(1), 117-124.<\/p>\n<p>The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On this blog site, seleniumfacts.com, we focus on the health and nutritional benefits of selenium supplementation.\u00a0 We look at the following types of studies: human studies more so than lab studies or animal studies intervention studies more so than observational studies randomized controlled studies whenever possible Cancer and Selenium as a single intervention agent The &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/selenium-single-intervention-cancer-prevention\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Selenium as a single intervention for cancer prevention&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cancer"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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