{"id":993,"date":"2018-07-08T08:50:27","date_gmt":"2018-07-08T08:50:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/?p=993"},"modified":"2018-08-13T11:38:59","modified_gmt":"2018-08-13T11:38:59","slug":"serum-selenium-status-gestational-diabetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/serum-selenium-status-gestational-diabetes","title":{"rendered":"Serum selenium status and gestational diabetes"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_998\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-998\" style=\"width: 256px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-998 \" src=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Gestational-diabetes-207x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"256\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Gestational-diabetes-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Gestational-diabetes.png 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-998\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The prevalence of gestational diabetes varies from region to region of the world from below 5% of pregnancies to below 10% to as high as 20%. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome for the mother and increases the risk of acute and long-term adverse metabolic disorders in the offspring. A recent meta-analysis reveals that women with gestational diabetes typically have significantly lower serum selenium concentrations.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Typically, the serum selenium concentration levels are significantly lower in women with gestational diabetes than in healthy pregnant women.\u00a0 The differences are especially remarkable in non-Caucasian pregnant women and in pregnant women in the third trimester.\u00a0 That is the finding of a recent meta-analysis and systematic review of the relevant literature from observational studies [Kong 2016].<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Selenium and gestational diabetes<\/h3>\n<p>Gestational diabetes is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance that occurs with the onset of pregnancy.\u00a0 A physiological insulin resistance beginning in the second trimester and progressing through the third trimester is fairly typical of pregnancies.\u00a0 Expecting mothers generally need <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5086076\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased insulin secretion<\/a> to maintain normal blood glucose levels.\u00a0 Impairment of the needed compensatory increases in insulin secretion leads to a diagnosis of gestational diabetes [Kong 2016].<\/p>\n<p>Selenium is an essential micronutrient.\u00a0 It is a component of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12134713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">antioxidant selenoproteins<\/a> that have a protective effect against oxidative stress and inflammation [Burk 2002].<\/p>\n<p>The relationship of serum selenium levels to gestational diabetes is important for the following reasons [Kong 2015]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low serum selenium concentrations may leave the pregnant women and the fetuses more susceptible to the harmful effects of oxidative stress.<\/li>\n<li>Poor serum selenium status may aggravate insulin resistance in pregnant women leading to the aggravation of the gestational diabetes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The mechanisms by which <a href=\"http:\/\/healthandscience.eu\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=821:what-is-selenium-us&amp;catid=58&amp;lang=us&amp;Itemid=372\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">selenium <\/a>status affects insulin resistance and blood glucose levels are not known; not enough studies of the mechanisms have been done to date.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, it is not known which comes first.\u00a0 Does low selenium status contribute to the development of gestational diabetes, or is the low selenium status a consequence of having developed gestational diabetes, which, then, further aggravates the gestational diabetes?<\/p>\n<h3>Benefits of moderate Se supplementation to pregnant women<\/h3>\n<p>Several studies have shown that moderate supplementation of pregnant women &#8212; 50 &#8211; 100 micrograms per day &#8212; confers a number of beneficial health outcomes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced oxidative stress [Tara 2010]<\/li>\n<li>Reduced incidence of hypothyroidism and reduced thyroid inflammation [Negro 2007]<\/li>\n<li>Reduced incidence of pregnancy-induced high blood pressure [Han 1994]<\/li>\n<li>Reduced risk of pre-eclampsia [Rayman 2014]<\/li>\n<li>Reduced risk of the pre-labor rupture of membranes [Tara 2010]<\/li>\n<li>Reduced risk of postpartum depression [Mokhber 2011]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>What are<em> low<\/em> serum\/plasma selenium levels?<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20181815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">best estimates<\/a> of serum\/plasma selenium levels to date are as follows [Hurst 2010]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>serum\/plasma selenium levels lower than 100 micrograms per liter are below normal<\/li>\n<li>serum\/plasma selenium levels between 110 and 118 seem to be the level at which selenoprotein P approaches optimal activity<\/li>\n<li>serum selenium concentrations between 120 and 150 micrograms per liter are the \u201cputative beneficial range\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the meta-analysis summarized in this article, the following values were typical for pregnant women diagnoses with gestational diabetes (mean \u00b1 standard deviation):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>34.7 \u00b1 8.7 micrograms per liter<\/li>\n<li>51.7 \u00b1 11.7 micrograms per liter<\/li>\n<li>63.5 \u00b1 12.0 micrograms per liter<\/li>\n<li>85.1 \u00b1 5.4 micrograms per liter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Summing up: serum selenium status and gestational diabetes<\/h3>\n<p>Given that the incidence of gestational diabetes is increasing and given that the consequences of gestational diabetes \u2013 both acute and long-term \u2013 can be severe, the topic of serum selenium status and gestational diabetes is relevant and worthy of attention.<\/p>\n<p>We need more studies of the selenium-gestational diabetes relationship with consistent measurements of selenium status, consistent values for glucose tolerance, and consistent clinical data about the pregnant women with gestational diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>To the extent that selenium supplementation is needed, the <a href=\"http:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/documented-properties-high-selenium-yeast-preparation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">best formulation<\/a> is the high-selenium yeast formulation.<\/p>\n<h3>Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Burk, R.F. (2002).\u00a0 Selenium: an antioxidant nutrient.\u00a0 Nutr Clin Care, 5(2), 75-79.<\/p>\n<p>Han, L., &amp; Zhou, S. M. (1994). Selenium supplement in the prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension. Chinese Medical Journal, 107(11), 870-871.<\/p>\n<p>Hurst, R., Armah, C.N., Dainty J.R., Hart, D.J., Teucher, B., Goldson, A.J., Broadley, M.R., Motley, A.K., Fairweather-Tait, S.J.\u00a0 (2010).\u00a0 Establishing optimal selenium status: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 91(4):923-31.<\/p>\n<p>Kong, F., Ma, L., Chen, S., Li, G., &amp; Zhou, J. (2016). Serum selenium level and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Journal, 15(1), 94.<\/p>\n<p>Mokhber, N., Namjoo, M., Tara, F., Boskabadi, H., Rayman, M. P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., &amp; Ferns, G. (2011). Effect of supplementation with selenium on postpartum depression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine, 24(1), 104-108.<\/p>\n<p>Negro, R., Greco, G., Mangieri, T., Pezzarossa, A., Dazzi, D., &amp; Hassan, H. (2007). The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92(4), 1263-1268.<\/p>\n<p>Rayman, M.P., Searle, E., Kelly, L., Johnsen, S. (2014). Effect of selenium on markers of risk of pre-eclampsia in UK pregnant women: a randomised, controlled pilot trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(1), 99-111.<\/p>\n<p>Tara, F., Rayman, M. P., Boskabadi, H., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Alamdari, D. H., &amp; Ferns, G. (2010). Prooxidant-antioxidant balance in pregnancy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 38(5), 473-478.<\/p>\n<p>Tara, F., Rayman, M. P., Boskabadi, H., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Yazarlu, O., &amp; Ferns, G. (2010). Selenium supplementation and premature (pre-labour) rupture of membranes: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 30(1), 30-34.<\/p>\n<p>Tara, F., Maamouri, G., Rayman, M. P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Yazarlu, O., &amp; Ferns, G. (2010). Selenium supplementation and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant Iranian women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, 49(2), 181-187.<\/p>\n<p>Disclaimer: The information presented in this review article is not intended as medical advice and should not be construed as such.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Typically, the serum selenium concentration levels are significantly lower in women with gestational diabetes than in healthy pregnant women.\u00a0 The differences are especially remarkable in non-Caucasian pregnant women and in pregnant women in the third trimester.\u00a0 That is the finding of a recent meta-analysis and systematic review of the relevant literature from observational studies [Kong &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/seleniumfacts.com\/index.php\/serum-selenium-status-gestational-diabetes\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Serum selenium status and gestational diabetes&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-diabetes","category-fertility"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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